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Braces

Braces are orthodontic appliances used to align and straighten teeth, correcting malocclusions and improving dental aesthetics.
They typically consist of brackets attached to the teeth, connected by wires that apply gentle, continuous pressure to move the teeth into the desired position over time.
Braces can be made from a variety of materials, including metal, ceramic, or clear/tooth-colored components, and may be fixed or removable.
Proper use of braces can address issues such as crowding, spacing, overbite, underbite, and other misalignments, leading to improved oral health, function, and self-confidence.
Consult a qualified orthodontist to determine the best brace treatment plan for your individual needs.

Most cited protocols related to «Braces»

1
Delphi-based SOSORT recommendations
We followed a Delphi process as described by Jones and Hunter [32 (link)]. The first draft of recommendations (Additional file 1) has been circulated in the SOSORT Board (Table 1) to be changed/integrated. The aim was to have up to 10–15 recommendations grouped together under a limited number of headings and statements. The final set of recommendations has been circulated to the SOSORT Board to be finally approved. We then sent out a questionnaire to all SOSORT members (Pre-Meeting Questionnaire – PMQ) (Additional File 2), including 14 recommendations grouped in 6 Domains (Experience/competence, Behaviours, Prescription, Construction, Brace Check, Follow-up). Each member ranked each recommendation and statement in the questionnaire according to some ordinal scales, explained their ranking, proposed changes or deletions of each statement in the recommendation, and added any comment they wanted.
During the Athens Meeting of SOSORT a full presentation of the results obtained during this process has been made. All the answers that did not reach at least a 90% agreement during the previous rounds where discussed and voted in a final questionnaire (Meeting Questionnaire – MQ) in a session reserved only to SOSORT Members (Additional file 3).
We divided the responders according to profession and number of braces prescribed per year and analysed the differences among these sub-groups. We applied parametric and non-parametric tests according to what required and set statistical significance at α = 0.05.
Negrini S., Grivas T.B., Kotwicki T., Rigo M, & Zaina F. (2009). Guidelines on "Standards of management of idiopathic scoliosis with corrective braces in everyday clinics and in clinical research": SOSORT Consensus 2008. Scoliosis, 4, 2.
Publication 2009
Braces Gene Deletion
2
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for ASD Research
Participant inclusion criteria for the ASD sample were an existing clinical diagnosis of ASD according to DSM-IV [50 ], DSM-IV-TR [51 ], DSM-5 [5 ] or ICD-10 [52 ] criteria and age between 6 and 30 years. ASD diagnoses were based on a comprehensive assessment of the participant’s clinical history and/or current symptom profile, depending on when the participant was originally identified at that site. In addition, we assessed ASD symptoms using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS; [53 (link), 54 ]) and the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R; [55 ]). However, individuals with a clinical ASD diagnosis who did not reach cut-offs on these instruments were not excluded. Clinical judgement has been found to be more stable than scores on individual diagnostic instruments alone [56 (link)], reflecting the moderate-to-good but still imperfect accuracy of such tools [57 (link)].
Exclusion criteria included significant hearing or visual impairments not corrected by glasses or hearing aids, a history of alcohol and/or substance abuse or dependence in the past year and the presence of any MRI contraindications (e.g. metal implants, braces, claustrophobia) or failure to give informed written consent to MRI scanning (or to provide contact details for a primary care physician at centres where this is a pre-condition for scanning). Participants were purposively sampled to enable in depth experimental characterisation of potential biomarkers (including MRI scans). Therefore, we excluded individuals with low IQ (<50) as core measures (e.g. most cognitive tasks and MRI scanning without sedation) were deemed difficult to administer in this group. Participants who did not complete an IQ assessment were excluded (controls: n = 7, ASD: n = 10). In the TD group, individuals who had a T score of 70 or higher on the self-report (1 adult) or parent-report form (1 adolescent, 3 children) of the Social Responsiveness Scale [58 ] were also excluded.
In the ASD sample, psychiatric conditions (except for psychosis or bipolar disorder) were allowed as up to 70% of people with ASD have one or more psychiatric disorders [7 (link)] and reflect DSM-5 that allows co-occurring psychiatric disorders alongside an ASD diagnosis [5 ]. In future individual biomarker analyses, additional exclusion criteria or sub-grouping may then be applied (e.g. ADI-R cut-offs, medication-free, etc.).
Exclusion criteria of the TD/ID group were the same as described above for the ASD participants with the exception that in the TD group parent- or (where appropriate) self-report of a psychiatric disorder was also an exclusion criteria.
Charman T., Loth E., Tillmann J., Crawley D., Wooldridge C., Goyard D., Ahmad J., Auyeung B., Ambrosino S., Banaschewski T., Baron-Cohen S., Baumeister S., Beckmann C., Bölte S., Bourgeron T., Bours C., Brammer M., Brandeis D., Brogna C., de Bruijn Y., Chakrabarti B., Cornelissen I., Acqua F.D., Dumas G., Durston S., Ecker C., Faulkner J., Frouin V., Garcés P., Ham L., Hayward H., Hipp J., Holt R.J., Isaksson J., Johnson M.H., Jones E.J., Kundu P., Lai M.C., D’ardhuy X.L., Lombardo M.V., Lythgoe D.J., Mandl R., Mason L., Meyer-Lindenberg A., Moessnang C., Mueller N., O’Dwyer L., Oldehinkel M., Oranje B., Pandina G., Persico A.M., Ruggeri B., Ruigrok A.N., Sabet J., Sacco R., Cáceres A.S., Simonoff E., Toro R., Tost H., Waldman J., Williams S.C., Zwiers M.P., Spooren W., Murphy D.G, & Buitelaar J.K. (2017). The EU-AIMS Longitudinal European Autism Project (LEAP): clinical characterisation. Molecular Autism, 8, 27.
Publication 2017
Adenosine Adolescent Adult Autistic Disorder Biological Markers Bipolar Disorder Braces Child Claustrophobia Clinical Reasoning Cognition Diagnosis Diagnosis, Psychiatric Ethanol Eyeglasses Hearing Aids Mental Disorders Metals Parent Pharmaceutical Preparations Primary Care Physicians Psychotic Disorders Sedatives Substance Abuse
3
Assessing Gene Lists from OMIM Database
As a primary assessment of score behaviour, we determine how well the scores predict known gene-lists from six different contexts, extracted from the OMIM database (accessed 3rd December 2012): OMIM disease genes, “recessive”, “haploinsufficiency”, “dominant-negative”, “de novo” disease-causing, and indirectly derive an OMIM “non-disease” gene list.
For the five disease gene lists we filter only for gene entries that are annotated with a (*) indicating genes with known sequence and (#) indicating that a phenotype description and molecular basis is known. Moreover, we restrict it to records with “Allelic variants” and a “Gene Map Locus”. For the “recessive” (n = 881 genes), “haploinsufficiency/haploinsufficient” (n = 251 genes), “dominant negative” (n = 387 genes) and “de novo” (n = 507 genes) lists, we adopted those keywords, understanding that pulling out by keyword will identify some instances where the keyword is used for one reason or another even though the gene in question does not follow the indicated genetic model. We directly estimate this misclassification rate by inspecting a random subset of 30 genes from each of the OMIM categories and found it varied from a zero misclassification rate to a maximum of 30%. For the “haploinsufficiency/haploinsufficient” list we did manually curate each event to restrict to events with a confident haploinsufficient relationship (n = 202 genes) (lists are available in Dataset S1).
For the OMIM disease gene list (n = 2,329) we did a universal capture of all genes linked to disease, excluding genes linked to disorders with the following criteria: “resistance”, “cancer”, “somatic”, “susceptibility”, “carcinoma” and “tumor”. We further refined that list to only genes without the following annotations: braces “{” reflecting mutations contributing to susceptibility to multifactorial or infectious diseases, brackets “[]” reflecting genes linked to non-disease traits and question mark “?” indicating an unconfirmed or possibly spurious mapping. We found that 56.5% of the genes from the OMIM disease gene list overlap with at least one of the four additional OMIM contexts, described earlier. Moreover, we observe that 5.3% of OMIM recessive genes were also annotated to OMIM haploinsufficiency, while 61.7% of OMIM haploinsufficiency genes overlapped with the “de novo” gene list (Dataset S1).
The OMIM non-disease gene list (n = 14,712 genes) is derived by excluding, from the list of 16,956 HGNC assessable genes, any genes overlapping with at least one of the five described OMIM disease gene lists.
Petrovski S., Wang Q., Heinzen E.L., Allen A.S, & Goldstein D.B. (2013). Genic Intolerance to Functional Variation and the Interpretation of Personal Genomes. PLoS Genetics, 9(8), e1003709.
Publication 2013
Alleles Braces Carcinoma Communicable Diseases Diploid Cell Gene Annotation Genes Genes, Recessive Genes, vif Genetic Loci Haploinsufficiency Hereditary Diseases Malignant Neoplasms Mutation Neoplasms Phenotype Self Confidence Susceptibility, Disease
4
Adolescent brain development in low-income families

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Publication 2018
Adolescent African American Amygdaloid Body Black or African American Braces Brain Child Childbirth Diagnosis Ethics Committees, Research Face fMRI Gender Households Mothers Puberty Radionuclide Imaging White Person
5
Baseline Study of Overweight/Obese Puerto Ricans
A cross-sectional analysis of the data collected during the baseline visit of the ongoing “San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS) was performed. It included overweight (i.e. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 but ≤ 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) individuals aged 40 to 65 years resident in the San Juan municipality and its vicinity (WHO, 2000 (link)); (1998 (link)). At baseline, participants were free of diabetes (ascertained by self-report of physician-diagnosed type 1 or type 2 diabetes or use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents). Additional exclusion criteria at baseline included: 1) less than four natural teeth or braces or orthodontic appliances; 2) pregnancy; 3) cardiovascular and other health conditions which could increase the risk of systemic complications from the periodontal exam; 4) active dialysis treatment; 5) active anticoagulant therapy; 6) prescribed antibiotic prophylaxis before periodontal procedures; 7) procedures related to cardiovascular disease; 8) hipbone or other joint replacement surgery; or 9) planning on moving away in the next three-year period.
A total of 1,931 adults, recruited through different means of mass media, were eligible from the screening interview, of which 1,610 were scheduled for the baseline visit. A total of 1,451 were willing to participate in the study and attended the baseline visit. During the visit, 100 participants were further ineligible, and 145 had a provisional diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (fasting serum glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, two-hour oral glucose tolerance ≥ 200 mg/dL, or glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 6.5%). Participants with a provisional diagnosis of type 2 diabetes underwent the same study procedures that non-diabetic participants performed except those which could pose safety risks, such as the OGTT measures, and they were counted in the present study. Of the remaining 1,351 participants, 51 had incomplete data on the study major components leaving a final sample of 1,300 participants with complete information. The University of Puerto Rico Institutional Review Board approved the study, and all participants signed the informed consent.
Andriankaja O.M., Jiménez J.J., Muñoz-Torres F.J., Pérez C.M., Vergara J.L, & Joshipura K. (2015). Lipid lowering agents use and systemic and oral inflammation in overweight or obese adult Puerto Ricans: the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS). Journal of clinical periodontology, 42(12), 1090-1096.
Publication 2015
A 300 Adult Antibiotic Prophylaxis Anticoagulants Arthroplasty, Replacement Braces Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular System Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Diagnosis Dialysis Ethics Committees, Research Glucose Hemoglobin, Glycosylated Hypoglycemic Agents Index, Body Mass Insulin Mass Media Obesity Oral Glucose Tolerance Test Orthodontic Appliances Pelvic Bones Periodontium Physicians Pregnancy Safety Serum Therapeutics

Most recents protocols related to «Braces»

1
Longitudinal Neuroimaging Study of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sixty-three children and adolescents (38 ASD, 25 TD, 7–14 years) were recruited for this neuroimaging study at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), between 2011 and 2013 (Vogan et al., 2019 (link)). All participants were invited back two years later (9–16 years) for a follow-up study. Of the 63 participants, 18 (12 ASD, 7 TD) did not return for the follow-up study due to relocation, declined to participate, had contraindications for MEG (e.g., braces), or were lost to follow-up. MEG data from 13 additional participants (10 ASD and 3 TD) were excluded from analyses due to a) sex matching; b) <20 clean MEG trials; and c) <55% task accuracy. Thus, the final sample consisted of 64 datasets from 17 children with ASD and 15 age- and sex-matched TD controls. The final sample differed slightly for the 2-back memory load condition due to increased task difficulty (58 datasets: 15 ASD, 14 TD). Importantly, as previously reported by Vogan et al. (2019) (link), the participants that returned at follow-up did not significantly differ from those who did not return in terms of age, sex, and IQ. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Board at SickKids. Written informed consent was obtained by a parent or legal guardian, and informed verbal assent was provided by all children. For TD controls, exclusion criteria included a diagnosis of a learning, language or neurodevelopmental disorder; for both groups exclusion criteria also included history of prematurity, severe neurological damage, uncorrected visual impairment or colour blindness and IQ < 70. For children in the ASD group, a primary diagnosis of ASD was confirmed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2; Lord et al., 2012 ) by expert clinicians. A summary of the demographic characteristics is shown in Table 1.

Participant demographics.

Time pointASD (n = 17)TD (n = 15)Significance test
M (SD) or countM (SD) or count
Sex (M:F)Baseline15:28:7p = 0.05†
Age (years)BaselineFollow-up11.13 (1.83)13.50 (1.58)10.69 (2.32)12.91 (2.29)t(30) = 0.59, p = 0.56t(30) = 0.85, p = 0.40
ADOS-2BaselineFollow-up6.29 (2.05)7.13 (2.28)––

†A Fisher’s exact test was used to test for differences in the proportion of boys and girls between-groups.

Full-scale IQ (FSIQ) was measured using the two sub-test version of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI; Wechsler, 2013 (link)) for all children at both time points. FSIQ scores were estimated based on performance on the Vocabulary and Matrix reasoning sub-tests. To assess working memory ability, two sub-tests of the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C) (Gathercole & Pickering, 2000 (link)) were administered (Digit Recall and Block Recall). Parents also completed questionnaires on executive function abilities and social impairment using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia et al., 2000 ) and the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2; Constantino, 2012 ), respectively.
Sato J., Safar K., Vogan V.M, & Taylor M.J. (2023). Functional connectivity changes during working memory in autism spectrum disorder: A two-year longitudinal MEG study. NeuroImage : Clinical, 37, 103364.
Publication 2023
Adenosine Adolescent Autistic Disorder Blindness, Color Boys Braces Cardiac Arrest Child Diagnosis Executive Function Fingers Intelligence Tests Legal Guardians Low Vision Memory, Short-Term Memory Disorders Neurodevelopmental Disorders Parent Premature Birth Trauma, Nervous System Woman
2
Postoperative Shoulder Rehabilitation Protocol

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Publication 2023
Braces Exercise, Isometric Gravity Laceration Muscle Strength Patients Rehabilitation Tendons
3
Patellar Fracture Fixation Techniques
Patients were placed supine on the operating table. After anesthesia, routine disinfection and preparation of towels were performed. The midline skin incision approach of the patella was used in all patients to expose the whole patella. After eliminating the clots and periosteum in the fracture gap, reduction in fragments was performed under direct vision.
In the ATBW group, two guide pins were inserted in parallel into the patella and perpendicularly across the fracture. The position of the guide pin was adjusted according to the anteroposterior and lateral C-arm radiographs until the position of the pin was satisfactory. Cannulated screws were inserted along with the guide pin, and then a cable or wire was fixed as a figure-of-8 tension band through the cannulated screws.
In the SVW-BSAG group, a single guide pin was inserted into the patella along the long axis of the patella and perpendicularly across the fracture. The position of the guide pin was adjusted according to the anteroposterior and lateral C-arm radiographs until the position of the pin was satisfactory. After a cannulated screw was inserted along the guide pin, a cable was separated by vertical wiring through the cannulated screw (Fig. 1A–B).

The operation diagram of SVW-BSAG fixation in the IPFP. A AP view and lateral view of the IPFP. B The IPFP reduction was performed, and an SVW technique through cannulated screws and cables was used to fix the fracture. C Two suture anchors were imbedded in the proximal fragment on both sides of the patella. D Separate vertical wiring plus bilateral anchor girdle suturing fixation

Two suture anchors were placed into both sides of the proximal fragment (Fig. 1C). The entry portal of the anchor was at least 1 cm proximal to the transverse fracture line on the coronal plane and approximately 5 mm posterior to the anterior cortical surface on the cross section. Then, the anchor suture string was sutured along the inferior border of distal fragments on the patellar tendons and knotted with one of the contralateral anchor lines at the entry portal of the contralateral anchor (Fig. 1D). The same procedure was repeated for the remaining three anchor lines (Fig. 1D).
In the two groups, patients were required to wear a hinged knee brace for 2 weeks postoperatively. For the first 2 weeks postoperatively, the hinged knee brace was locked in full extension during weight bearing and unlocked when patients were to perform flexion and extension of the knee without weight bearing. Weight-bearing knee flexion and extension exercises were allowed 2 weeks after the operation. Normal passive full-range motion of the knee was required at 4 weeks postoperatively.
Li S.J., Tiwari S.R., Chang S.M., Du S.C, & Zhang Y.Q. (2023). Separate vertical wiring plus bilateral anchor girdle suturing fixation for the fractures of the inferior pole of the patella. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 18, 176.
Publication 2023
Anesthesia Braces Clotrimazole Cortex, Cerebral Disinfection Epistropheus Fracture, Bone Knee Ligamentum Patellae Operating Tables Passive Range of Motion Patella Patients Periosteum Skin Suture Anchors Vision X-Rays, Diagnostic
4
Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques for Lumbar Decompression
For the PTED group, the surgical procedure (based on the L4–L5 segment of DLS) was performed following methods reported in the literature [18 (link)]. The following steps were performed: (1) part of the superior articular process (SAP) of L5 was removed. A soft pillow was placed under the patients' waist, while the patient was in the lateral decubitus position with their knee and hip flexed. The incision was located 8–12 cm from the midline horizontally and 1–3 cm above the iliac on the side with leg pain. The mixed local anesthetic, which consisted of 30 mL 1:200,000 epinephrine and 20 mL 2% lidocaine, was only used in PTED group. After 5 mL of the mixed anesthetic was inserted into the skin at the entry point, 20 mL was inserted into the trajectory, 15 mL was inserted into the articular process, and 10 mL was inserted into the foramen. Then, 0.8–1.0 cm of skin and the subcutaneous fascia were incised. Drills were used to resect the ventral osteophytes on the SAP. The PTED system (Hoogland Spine Products, Germany) was inserted (Fig. 1). (2) Parts of the ipsilateral ligamentum flavum, perineural scar, and extruded lumbar disc material were completely resected with endoscopic forceps (Fig. 2). (3) The superior endplate of the L5 vertebral body was removed by endoscopic micro punches and a bone knife. Therefore, 270-degree decompression of the traversing nerve root was achieved (Fig. 3). The drainage tube was placed after hemostasis was reached.

Fluoroscopic views. A, B The drill was inserted to resect the LF and the ventral osteophytes on the SAP. C, D The working cannula was placed

Endoscopic views. A Endoscopic view of the hypertrophic posterior longitudinal ligament, extruded disc material, and perineural scar. B–G After the endoscopic instruments were used to carefully remove the vertebral body, ventral decompression of the traversing nerve root (L5) was completed. H The dura mater was torn

Illustrations of the 270-degree PTED. A, B Specific pathologic features of LRS-DLS. C, D Final view of the nerve 270-degree decompression status and the restoration of the lateral recess

For the MIS-TLIF group, the surgical procedure was performed in accordance with methods reported in the literature [19 (link)]. After successful general anesthesia with tracheal intubation, the patient was placed in a prone position with chest and hip pads, and the L4–L5 intervertebral space was marked with X-ray fluoroscopy. The skin and subcutaneous fascia were cut; a trans-muscular surgical corridor was created with two micro-laminectomy retractors docking on the facet joint complex. After exposing the bony structure, part of the lamina and inferior articular process of L4 and the upper L5 articular process were removed with the rongeur on the ipsilateral side, and the hypertrophic ligamentum flavum was peeled backward. If MRI showed contralateral lateral recess stenosis, then predecompression was performed on the contralateral side. After decompression on the dorsal side, the nucleus pulposus and endplate cartilage were removed with forceps. An appropriate cage (Medtronic) filled with autograft from laminectomy was placed in the center of the intervertebral space via the Kambin’s triangle area. After adequate hemostasis was achieved, two drainage tubes were placed and removed when the drainage volume was < 50 mL/d.
Postoperatively, patients was treated with oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics for 3 days. All patients were encouraged to perform straight leg raising 1 day postoperatively, and moderate off-bed activity with a brace 2–3 days postoperatively. On the third postoperative day, patients were allowed to go home if their lower extremity pain symptoms were effectively relieved with no evidence of infection. The patient demographics and perioperative outcomes were compared. The VAS score, ODI, and modified Macnab criteria were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes [20 (link)].
Li Y., Cheng X, & Chen B. (2023). Comparison of 270-degree percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic decompression under local anesthesia and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the treatment of geriatric lateral recess stenosis associated with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 18, 183.
Publication 2023
Anesthetics Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Antibiotics Bones Braces Cannula Cartilage Chest Cicatrix Decompression Drainage Drill Dura Mater Endoscopy Epinephrine Facet Joint Fascia Fluoroscopy Forceps General Anesthesia Hemostasis Hypertrophy Ilium Infection Intubation, Intratracheal Joints Knee Laminectomy Lidocaine Ligaments, Flaval Local Anesthetics Lower Extremity Lumbar Region Muscle Tissue Nervousness Nucleus Pulposus Operative Surgical Procedures Osteophyte Pain Patients Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments Skin Stenosis Tooth Root Transplantation, Autologous Ventral Roots Vertebral Body Vertebral Column X-Rays, Diagnostic
5
Allograft Transplantation for Osteochondral Defects
Arthrotomy for exposure was based on surgeon preference. Fresh osteochondral
tissue was obtained from JRF Ortho, using MRI for size matching. The tissue was
screened for absence of defects, aseptically harvested from donor knees, and
stored at 4°C in a proprietary solution. The corresponding sized allograft to
match the debrided osteochondral area of injury was prepared as described previously.30 (link)
 The matched allograft was compared with the DA estimated area of injury.
Large oblong osteochondral defects were treated with the previously described
snowman technique of interposing 2 dowel grafts.26 (link)
 No shell graft techniques were employed in patients in this study.
Concomitant knee pathology was also addressed.
Postoperatively, patients were allowed to immediately bear weight as tolerated in
a knee brace with crutch assistance, when concomitant procedures did not limit
weightbearing. Full active and passive knee range of motion was prescribed for
open-chain activity immediately and after brace removal with weightbearing.
Moulton S.G., Provencher M., Vidal A., Wiedrick J., Arnold K, & Crawford D. (2023). Application of 3D Modeling Software to Preoperative MRI for Prediction of Surface Area of Tissue Applied During Osteochondral Allograft Reconstruction of the Knee. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 11(3), 23259671231153132.
Publication 2023
Allografts Bears Braces Crutches Grafts Injuries Knee Patients Post Technique Surgeons Tissue Donors Tissues

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More about "Braces"

Orthodontic Appliances, Dental Braces, Orthodontic Braces, Teeth Straightening, Malocclusion Treatment, Dental Aesthetics Improvement, Brackets, Wires, Metal Braces, Ceramic Braces, Clear Braces, Fixed Braces, Removable Braces, Crowding, Spacing, Overbite, Underbite, Oral Health, Dental Function, Self-Confidence.
Consult an Orthodontist for the best treatment plan.
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