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Commodes

Commodes are portable toilet devices designed for use in the home or healthcare settings.
They typically consist of a seated frame with a removable container or bucket underneath, allowing individuals with mobility limitations or those recovering from illness or injury to use the restroom without accessing a traditional toilet.
Commodes provide increased accessibility and independence, while also aiding in the management of incontinence or other toileting challenges.
These devices may feature adjustable heights, armrests, and other features to accommodate individual needs.
Commodes are an important assistive technology for maintaining personal hygiene and dignity in a variety of care environments.

Most cited protocols related to «Commodes»

• Lower SEP group: no toilet facility, other
• Higher SEP group: flush toilet, VIP latrine, traditional latrine with roof, latrine without roof
In addition to using these binary variables for indices 3 and 4, index 2 was created in order to explore its agreement with index 1, and to facilitate a more direct comparison of the PCA approach with the simpler weighting methods used in indices 3 and 4.
Indices were standardised to give a mean of zero and a variance of one. Survey analysis was used for descriptive analyses to adjust for the complex sampling used in IHS2. Sampling weights cannot be applied during MCA and PCA; therefore, in order to facilitate comparisons, sampling weights were not used when calculating the weights for any index, but they were used for generating quintiles, as in previous studies[19 ,38 (link)].
The PCA-based indices utilised the weights from the first principal component to ascertain the weights.
A Stata macro for MCA was downloaded from the EconPapers website[39 ]. In a similar manner to PCA, the weights used are those identified from the first dimension of the MCA. However, unlike PCA, the MCA command is not compatible with post-estimation commands in Stata. Thus, in order to apply the weights, a score variable was manually generated applying the appropriate weight from the MCA to each indicator.
The distribution of each index was examined graphically to assess the extent of skewness and clumping. Clumping is a problem commonly found in wealth indices whereby a large proportion of households have the same (usually low) score, because a large number of households have similar (low) access to public services and ownership of consumer durables.
Indices were compared with each other in terms of scatter diagrams and misclassification of households between quintiles of indices. Kappa statistics were calculated in order to assess the agreement of classification between indices. The Kappa statistic is a measure of reliability that takes into account the agreement expected on the basis of chance. A Kappa statistic of one indicates perfect agreement and a value of zero indicates no agreement better than chance. There are no universal rules for interpreting Kappa statistics, but in general a value of less than 0.5 would indicate poor agreement. Misclassification between quintiles was chosen as the measure of agreement since almost all epidemiological studies using a wealth index will use quintiles of the index in analyses. Although previous studies have often used correlation coefficients to compare indices, this can be misleading since correlation can hide a systematic bias and does not necessarily imply agreement. Graphs were also constructed to compare indices; scatter plots were used for comparing two indices both using categorical data, and box-plots were used when one or both of the indices used binary variables.
In addition to comparisons between the indices, each index was compared with per capita consumption expenditure, which despite having its own limitations and reliability issues was taken as a gold standard measure of SEP.
In order to assess which aspect of long-term SEP a wealth index best represents, consumption expenditure measures were constructed adjusted in the following ways: i) no adjustment, i.e. total household expenditures, ii) per adult expenditures and iii) per capita expenditures. The agreement of each consumption expenditure measure with a wealth index was calculated. The wealth index was constructed from the same asset indicators as above, using PCA.
Publication 2008
Adult Commodes Flushing Gold Head Households
The Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance Area comprises the Kintampo North Municipality and Kintampo South District in the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. It has a surface area of 7,162 km2, which is 18.1% of the total land area of the region. Its strategic location makes it the geographical centre of Ghana (see Fig. 2). Its vegetation is mainly of the forest–savannah transition type.
The KHDSS population is largely rural, constituting approximately 65% of residents, living in 29,073 households at the end of 2009. Only 25.8% of the total population has access to electricity, which is predominantly available in the urban areas. In 2008, approximately a third (32.9%) of households accessed water mainly from streams and rivers, 23% from hand-pumps and another 25.1% from closed wells. Water closet toilets were available to only 3.1% of the population in 2008 and these were exclusively in the urban areas. Pit latrines, the main toilet facility in the study area, are used by 59.1% of the population. Almost 40% of the population use open fields, which has implications for the health status of the population.
Publication 2012
Commodes Electricity Forests Households Population Health Rivers
Historically, most efforts to engage the public in scientific research have rallied participation around charismatic organisms or easily observable environmental phenomena [29] . With rapid advances in sequencing technology, associated declines in sequencing costs, and increased public interest in microbiomes, we are now able to engage citizens directly in the study of the “invisible” species with whom they share their daily lives. Building on earlier successes in citizen microbiology (see Belly Button Biodiversity, [30] (link)), we launched the Wild Life of Our Homes (WLOH) project: (http://www.yourwildlife.org/projects/wild-life-of-our-homes/).
Here we present the results from the first forty households we recruited to participate in our study in North Carolina in autumn 2011. Each participant was provided with a written Informed Consent form approved by the North Carolina State University’s Human Research Committee (Approval No. 2177) as well as instructions for sampling their home and a home microbe sampling kit.
Each home sampling kit contained nine dual-tipped sterile BBL™ CultureSwabs™. Participants were instructed to sample nine standardized locations within their home: kitchen cutting board, kitchen counter, a shelf inside a refrigerator, toilet seat, pillowcase, exterior handle of the main door into the house, television screen, the upper door trim on the outside surface of an exterior door, and the upper door trim on an interior door (Figure S1). These locations were selected because they are readily identifiable, they exist in nearly all homes, and we expected them to harbor distinct communities due to differences in usage patterns and/or the likely inputs of bacteria to that surface. The door trims were selected as sampling locations because they are unlikely to be cleaned frequently and they should serve as passive collectors of outdoor or indoor aerosols with little to no direct contact from the home occupants.
Publication 2013
Aerosols Bacteria Commodes Homo sapiens Households Microbiome Sterility, Reproductive Umbilicus
The clinical protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the CHU de Québec–Université Laval. Informed written consent was obtained from participants. Participants exposed to the antibiotic and controls were selected following the same stringent criteria. Healthy volunteers recruited in the Quebec City region (Canada) were aged between 21 and 35 years and had normal intestinal transit. Characteristics of the participants are described in Supplementary Table S2. Subjects with any of the exclusion criteria below were not eligible for entry into the present study:

Working in a health-care facility or living with someone working in a health-care facility.

Working on a farm or household contact in the last 2 weeks.

Slaughterhouse worker or household contact.

Animal care worker or household contact.

Vegetarians.

Smokers.

Chronic alcohol consumption (more than one 1.5-ounce servings of 80 proof distilled spirits, five 12-ounce servings of beer or five 5-ounce servings of wine per day).

Antibiotic therapy or history of hospitalization (>24 h) in the past 12 months prior to the study.

Living with someone or an animal that has been on antibiotic therapy in the last month.

Any gastrointestinal or underlying pathology.

Any chronic illness.

Any infection requiring chemo/antibiotic therapy.

Diarrhoeal disease (World Health Organization definition) in the last 3 months prior to the study.

Gastro-intestinal-related medication (prescription antibiotics).

Immunomodulating medication such as antitumour necrosis factor or steroids.

Allergy to β-lactams.

Pregnant or lactating women.

Taking alimentary supplements.

Body mass index abnormal defined as <18.5 or >30 kg m2.

Eighteen participants were treated twice a day with an oral dose of 500 mg cefprozil, a second-generation cephalosporin, for 7 days. The antibiotic was self-administered. Six controls who did not receive antibiotics were also enrolled. Fresh stool specimens were self-collected by participants at three time points: before the antibiotic treatment (0), at the end of the treatment (7), and 90 days after the end of the treatment (90). The stool collection procedure was explained to the participants at the time of enrolment. Participants were also given an illustrated document detailing the procedure. Samples were collected following human microbiome project protocols (Aagaard et al., 2013 (link)) using stool specimen collection kits comprising: one Ziploc bag (Johnson and Son, Brantford, ON, Canada) and one kraft paper bag for transport, one GasPak EZ Anaerobe sachet (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Sparks, MD, USA), one M40 Transystem 408C transport swab (Copan Italia S.P.A., Brescia, Italy), one Commode Specimen Collection System (Biomedical Polymers, Inc., Gardner, MA, USA). All samples were brought to the laboratory within 2 h of collection and placed immediately in an anaerobic chamber for processing. Stool aspect was classified according to the Bristol scale (Lewis and Heaton, 1997 (link)). Stools were aliquoted and stored at −80 °C.
Publication 2015
Animals Antibiotics Antibiotics, Antitubercular Antineoplastic Agents Bacteria, Anaerobic Beer cefprozil Cephalosporins Clinical Protocols Commodes Diarrhea Dietary Supplements Disease, Chronic Feces Gastrointestinal Agents Healthy Volunteers Hospitalization Households Human Microbiome Hypersensitivity Index, Body Mass Infection Intestines Lactams Necrosis Polymers Specimen Collection Steroids Vegetarians Wine Woman Workers
We created a hierarchical, four-level Cognitive Function Scale, a priori, using either the BIMS or CPS score, depending on which method of assessment was completed. The highest level of impairment, “severely impaired,” includes individuals who did not complete the BIMS and have a CPS score of 5 or 6. Residents were assigned a value of “moderately impaired” if they scored between a 0–7 on the BIMS or a 3 or 4 on the CPS. Residents with a BIMS score of 8–12 or a CPS score of 0–2 were considered to be “mildly impaired.” Residents were considered “cognitively intact” if they were able to complete the BIMS and scored between 13 and 15.
To test the construct validity of the CFS, we examined it in relation to a number of concurrently measured behavioral observations associated with poor cognitive performance captured on the MDS 3.0. These included two measures of communication skills (i.e. ability to understand and ability to make self understood), wandering behaviors (i.e. resident wanders daily), and measures of ADL functional performance. For the ADL items, we included the individual functions that remain intact for the shortest and longest time during the course of a progressive dementing disorder — dressing and eating, respectively.9 (link),10 (link) We also included the ADL scale score,11 (link) which ranges from 0–28 (higher scores indicate more impairment) and includes items for bed mobility, transfer, locomotion on unit, dressing, eating, toilet use, and personal hygiene. Finally, we included whether residents exhibited any signs or symptoms of delirium using the items from the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM).12 (link)
Publication 2015
Behavior Observation Techniques Cognition Commodes Delirium Disease Progression Functional Performance Locomotion Range of Motion, Articular

Most recents protocols related to «Commodes»

Six functional activities were taken from the ACSM score [19 ] and Functional Independence Measure dimensions [26 (link)]: lying in bed, sitting in a chair, walking to the toilet in the patients’ own hospital room, walking along the ward corridor, cycling at a cycle ergometer (stationary exercise bike) and walking the stairs. Four frequency descriptors were added: never, sometimes, often and always. A matrix of functional activities and frequency descriptors is provided in Additional file 1: File S1. A patient questionnaire for poster experience was sent by mail to patients after discharge (Additional file 1: File S2). In terms of validity, the TCT score was evaluated by calculating two-way mixed, consistency, average-measures intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) to assess consistency between the ACSM and TCT scores. The inter-rater reliability was qualified as poor for ICC values less than 0.40, fair for values between 0.40 and 0.59, good for values between 0.60 and 0.74, and excellent for values between 0.75 and 1.0 [27 (link)].
Publication 2023
Commodes Patient Discharge Patients
Guided by Wilson's model of information-seeking behavior,43 the
previous survey on services for supporting family carers of older dependent
people in Europe ‘EUROFAMCARE’,44 and empirical evidence in
the literature,21 33 (no links found) this study included the
following sets of independent variables: caregiver's demographics; caregiver's
socioeconomic resources and caregiving context. The dependent variable in this
study is informal caregivers’ use of digital technologies to search for
information during COVID-19 pandemic. In the survey, caregivers were asked to
report their sources of COVID-19 information and whether they were using digital
technologies to search for information and resources in any way related to their
role as a caregiver specifically regarding the pandemic. Furthermore,
participants were asked to report the device they usually use to find COVID-19
information, as well as the most used web platforms and mobile apps in searching
for it, the most common challenges encountered when they tried to access this
information via digital technologies, and their perceived usefulness and
reliability of online COVID-19 information.
Three demographic measures were included: caregiver's age, gender, and health
status. Age was measured in chronological years and grouped into three
categories: 18–39, 40–59, and 60 or older. Gender was measured nominally and
grouped into male and female. Caregiver's health status was grouped into poor,
fair, and good. Measures of social and economic circumstances were the
caregivers’ educational attainment and their total household income. Educational
attainment was grouped into primary, secondary, bachelor's degree, and higher
than bachelor's degree.
Caregiving context was assessed using the following variables: reported number of
weekly hours of care provided to the care recipient; reported number of years
spent providing care; age and gender of the care recipient; relationship between
the care recipient and the caregiver; and the level of dependency of the care
recipient. Responses concerning the average number of weekly hours of caregiving
have been grouped into four categories: (1) 10 h or less, (2) 11–20 h, (3) 21–40
h and (4) more than 40 h. Care duration was measured on the basis of the
caregiver's reported length of care provision to the care recipient (in number
of years), and respondents were classified into two groups: those caring for 2
years or less; and those caring for a longer time. The age of the care recipient
was reported according to two groups: 60 years or less and more than 60 years.
The gender of care recipients was grouped into male and female. Caregivers were
requested to provide information about the person whom they care for, in order
to assess the relationship with the care recipient (e.g. parents/parents-in-law,
spouse/partner, friend/neighbor, child or other relative). The level of
dependency of the care recipient on the caregiver was clustered in two groups:
high dependency (the care recipient is unable to carry out most activities of
daily living, without help (e.g. feeding themselves, or going to the toilet))
and low dependency (the care recipient can carry out most activities of daily
living, but may need some help occasionally).
Publication 2023
Child Commodes COVID 19 Family Caregivers Friend Gender Households Informal Caregivers Males Medical Devices Pandemics Parent Spouse Woman
A sample size of 300 in each group was calculated to enable detection of a difference between children with and without HIV in fracture prevalence of 7% (predicted 5% in children without HIV and 12% in CLWH) with 80% power and a significance level of 0.05.
Height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores were calculated using 1990 UK reference data [7 (link)], with Z-scores <−2.0 defining stunting and underweight respectively. Socio-economic status (SES) was derived using the first component from a principal component analysis combining an asset list (detailing: number in household, home ownership, access to electricity, water, a flush toilet and/or pit latrine and ownership of a bicycle, car, fridge, television, and/or radio), which was categorised into tertiles for analysis.
Analyses were conducted using Stata 17.0 (StatCorp, College Station, Texas, USA). The primary exposure was HIV and primary outcome the prevalence of self-reported fracture. The secondary outcome was the prevalence of disability in those with self-reported fracture. The characteristics of participants with HIV were compared with those without HIV, using independent sample t-tests for means, with unequal variance as required and chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests for proportions. Generalized linear log-binomial modelling was used to determine potential risk factors associated with prevalent fracture, including age [1 (link)], male [1 (link)], height [22 (link)], underweight [23 (link)], more physically active [24 (link)], living with HIV [25 (link)], reporting low calcium [26 (link)] and vitamin D intake [27 (link)], socio-economic deprivation indicated by low SES [28 (link)] and/or orphanhood [7 (link)]. A generalized linear log-binomial model was used to assess the association between size-adjusted bone density and prevalent fracture adjusting for age and sex.
Publication 2023
A 300 Bone Density Calcium Child Commodes Disabled Persons Electricity Ergocalciferol Flushing Fracture, Bone Households Males
Families of the subcohort submit stools from their enrolled child to accompany the water samples, both at baseline and immediately following report of illness. We also ask families to submit one additional stool sample following another report of illness. This sample is not accompanied with a water sample due to budget limitations.
Stool sampling kits are provided and contain instructions, sterile specimen container with storage medium (Zymo DNA/RNA Shield; Zymo Research, Irvine, California, USA), sterile specimen container for samples without storage medium, collection ‘hat’ for toilet-trained children, insulated envelope, prepaid shipping label, gloves, biohazard bags and ice packs. Samples are mailed overnight to researchers at Temple University in Philadelphia. Subsections of neat samples are stored at −80°C. Aliquots of samples in storage medium are shipped on ice to the USDA/USGS laboratory in Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA, and are stored at −80°C until analysis. Nucleic acid extraction, reverse transcription and qPCR analysis are completed as described for water samples,13 (link) and pathogens are reported as present/absent. Samples are tested for noroviruses GI and GII, human adenovirus (groups A–F), enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus (A and C), SARS-CoV-2, diarrheagenic E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium and Shiga toxin-producing bacteria (stx1 and stx2); online supplemental text S10 lists assay information.
Publication 2023
Adenoviruses, Human Bacteria Biohazards Biological Assay Campylobacter Child Commodes Cryptosporidium Enterovirus Escherichia coli Feces Giardia Hepatitis A virus Norovirus Nucleic Acids Pathogenicity Reverse Transcription Rotavirus Salmonella SARS-CoV-2 Shiga Toxin Shigella Sterility, Reproductive STX2 protein, human
This study employed a prospective, observational methodology; multiple cohorts were identified to achieve study objectives. First, to examine the effectiveness of the EUDFA, we prospectively studied 50 critically ill female patients hospitalized in either the intensive care unit (ICU) or progressive care unit of a large Midwestern academic hospital between December 2019 and April 2021. Adult (aged >18 years) females who were receiving inpatient critical or progressive care, incontinent of urine, unable to self-toilet, and using the EUDFA as defined by the study protocol were eligible. Those with an indwelling urinary catheter were excluded from this cohort.
We also examined trends in the rates of indwelling urinary catheter use, CAUTIs, UI, and IAD using a quasi-experimental, retrospective, cross-sectional comparison of male and female patients cared for in the critical care units of the same hospital during 2016, 2018, and 2019. These years were chosen to reflect periods before (2016) and after (2018, 2019) introduction of the EUDFA. For this portion of the study, all adult (male or female) patients who were receiving inpatient critical or progressive level of care for any amount of time during the study month were eligible (available data did not allow us to limit data capture to female patients). Catheter use and CAUTI rates were calculated using a full year of data. Incontinence and IAD data are not collected every month; in reviewing the available data, it was discovered that a particular month contained complete data for each of the observation years. Therefore, a decision was made to examine UI and IAD during that same month in each year.
Publication 2023
Adult Catheters Commodes Critical Illness Females Inpatient Males Patients Urinary Catheter Urinary Incontinence Woman

Top products related to «Commodes»

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The Commode Specimen Collection System is a device designed to collect urine and stool specimens from patients. It serves as a convenient and hygienic solution for healthcare professionals to obtain samples for analysis and diagnostic purposes.
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The Fisherbrand Commode Specimen Collection System is a device designed to collect and transport human waste samples for laboratory analysis. It provides a secure and hygienic method for specimen collection and handling.
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The VG Prima δB is a high-performance isotope ratio mass spectrometer designed for accurate and precise stable isotope analysis. Its core function is to measure the relative abundance of different isotopes in a sample, providing essential data for a wide range of scientific applications.
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The MiSeq platform is a benchtop sequencing system designed for targeted, amplicon-based sequencing applications. The system uses Illumina's proprietary sequencing-by-synthesis technology to generate sequencing data. The MiSeq platform is capable of generating up to 15 gigabases of sequencing data per run.
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Commode Specimen Collection kits are laboratory equipment designed to collect stool or urine samples from patients for analysis. The kits provide a secure and sterile container to safely transport the collected specimen to a laboratory for further testing and evaluation.
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MALDI-TOF MS is a type of mass spectrometry instrument that uses Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) as the ionization technique and Time-of-Flight (TOF) as the mass analyzer. It is designed to analyze and identify a wide range of compounds, including proteins, peptides, lipids, and small molecules.
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Stata 14 is a comprehensive statistical software package that provides a wide range of data analysis and management tools. It is designed to help users organize, analyze, and visualize data effectively. Stata 14 offers a user-friendly interface, advanced statistical methods, and powerful programming capabilities.
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FLOQSwabs are a type of laboratory sampling device designed for the collection of biological samples. They feature a flocked tip that enhances sample collection and transfer. The core function of FLOQSwabs is to facilitate the efficient and accurate gathering of specimens for various analytical and diagnostic applications.
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The QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit is a laboratory equipment product designed for the purification of genomic DNA from stool samples. It is a tool for extracting and isolating DNA from biological specimens.
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SPSS version 23 is a statistical software package developed by IBM. It provides tools for data analysis, data management, and data visualization. The core function of SPSS is to assist users in analyzing and interpreting data through various statistical techniques.

More about "Commodes"

Commodes, also known as portable toilets or bedside commodes, are essential assistive devices designed to provide increased accessibility and independence for individuals with mobility limitations or those recovering from illness or injury.
These toilet devices are typically used in home or healthcare settings, and consist of a seated frame with a removable container or bucket underneath.
Commodes allow users to use the restroom without accessing a traditional toilet, aiding in the management of incontinence or other toileting challenges.
These versatile devices often feature adjustable heights, armrests, and other customizable features to accommodate individual needs and preferences.
Commodes are an important part of assistive technology, helping to maintain personal hygiene, dignity, and overall quality of life in a variety of care environments.
In addition to their primary function, commodes may also be used for specimen collection.
The Commode Specimen Collection System and Fisherbrand Commode Specimen Collection System are examples of such devices, which enable the collection of stool samples without the need for a traditional toilet.
These systems, along with tools like the VG Prima δB and MiSeq platform, can be utilized for various medical and research applications, such as microbiome analysis using techniques like MALDI-TOF MS.
When it comes to data analysis, researchers may employ statistical software like Stata 14 or SPSS version 23 to process and interpret the findings from commode-related studies.
Sample collection methods, such as using FLOQSwabs and the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit, can also play a crucial role in ensuring the quality and reliability of the data collected.
By leveraging the insights gained from commodes and related technologies, researchers and healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes and advance our understanding of various medical and scientific domains.