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Pgstat128n

Manufactured by Metrohm
Sourced in Netherlands, Switzerland, United States, United Kingdom
About the product

The PGSTAT128N is a high-performance potentiostat/galvanostat designed for electrochemical analysis. It offers a wide range of functionality, including potential, current, and impedance measurements. The device features a compact and robust design, making it suitable for various laboratory applications.

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Market Availability & Pricing

The Autolab PGSTAT128N is a potentiostat/galvanostat manufactured by Metrohm. While the manufacturer's website does not provide explicit confirmation of its current availability, the instrument was recently acquired by the Ruđer Bošković Institute in December 2022, indicating recent availability.

Pricing information from secondary markets suggests a wide range, with one listing offering the PGSTAT128N for approximately $8,900, while the Ruđer Bošković Institute reported a purchase price of around $35,000 in 2022. However, as the product's current commercial status is not clearly confirmed by the manufacturer, it is advisable to contact Metrohm or their authorized distributors directly to obtain accurate and up-to-date pricing information.

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The spelling variants listed below correspond to different ways the product may be referred to in scientific literature.
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93 protocols using «pgstat128n»

1

OECT Device Characterization and Biomolecule Immobilization

2025
The transfer characteristics
of the OECTs were evaluated by using three-terminal electrical measurements.
The integrated measurement system included two source meters (Keysight
B1500A and Agilent B2912A) and a switching matrix (Agilent E5250A),
all managed on a personal computer using custom LabVIEW software.
The electrical signals of the as-prepared OECT device were recorded
in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) buffer with a Ag/AgCl wire serving as the gate
electrode. The drain current (Id) was
obtained by applying source-gate voltages (Vg: from 0 to +0.8 V) at a fixed source-drain potential (Vd = −0.1 V). Transconductance (gm) curves were obtained by deriving the transfer
curves and definition given in eq 1.
Following each immobilization
step, the devices underwent thorough rinsing in water and subsequent
testing in the electrolyte. Transfer characteristics were recorded
with Vg = −0.8 to 1 V and Vd = 0.1 V. FTIR spectroscopy was conducted using
the ATR-FTIR, Jason, FT/IR-6700, Tokyo, Japan. Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry measurements were performed with
a three-electrode system utilizing an Autolab potentiostat (PGSTAT128N,
ECO CHEMIE BV, Netherlands), with platinum as the counter electrode
and Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. The electrolyte used was 0.1
M PBS (pH 7.4). A SEM was used to observe the surface morphologies
of the PN nanostructures. Before SEM examination, all
of the modified surfaces were dried. To confirm the attachment of
streptavidin to PN, the PN surface was incubated
with streptavidin-cy5 for 1 h and observed under a confocal fluorescence
microscope.
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2

Cyclic Voltammetry and Controlled Potential Electrolysis

2025
Cyclic voltammetry (CV)
experiments were carried out in a 3 mL V-cell containing three electrodes:
vitreous carbon (Φ = 2.0 mm) as working electrode (WE), Pt wire
as auxiliary electrode (AE), and Ag/AgCl, 3.0 mol·L–1 KCl as reference electrode (RE). The WE electrode was polished with
an alumina slurry, rinsed with deionized water and acetone, and dried
before use. An Autolab PGSTAT 128N (Metrohm) potentiostat/galvanostat
with the NOVA software (2.1.5), was used for data acquisition and
analysis. Acetonitrile was used as the solvent and tetra-n-butylammonium tetrafluorobotate (0.1 mol·L–1) was used as the supporting electrolyte. All experiments were performed
by purging with an inert gas (argon) and conducted under inert atmosphere.
CV experiments were carried out within the cathodic (−2.8 to
0.0 V) region at a scan rate of 100 mV·s–1.
The controlled potential electrolysis (chronoamperometry) was carried
out in the same V-cell at −1.5 V vs Ag/AgCl, using a vitreous
carbon rod (area = 580 mm2) as cathode, and a Pt wire as
anode placed in a separated compartment. Electrolysis was carried
out until total luminescence quenching due to the total reduction
of the P6,6,6,14[Eu3+(BTFA)4] complex,
and the total charge passed was 12.5 coulombs.
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3

Electrochemical Evaluation of ZrN-GC Catalyst

2024
ZrN-GC samples were investigated in a commercial three-electrode setup (FlexCell-PTFE by Gaskatel) operated with an Autolab potentiostat PGSTAT 128N by Metrohm and corresponding Nova 2.1 software. As reference and counter electrodes, a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a coiled PtIrwire were used, respectively. All potentials are reported versus the RHE scale. The supplied N 2 and Ar-fed gases were purged through 5 mM sulphuric acid electrolyte and Millipore water as a basic cleaning step for the potential NH 3 contaminants before entering the measuring cell. Samples with a size of 1.5 × 1.5 cm 2 were covered with a PTFE mask with a quadratic hole of 1 × 1 cm 2 resulting in a working electrode area of 1 cm 2 . The experiments were performed in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 and at room temperature. The electrochemical test protocol consists of (1) cyclic voltammetry (CV) with a scan rate of 100 mV s -1 , (2) electrochemical cleaning by several fast CV cycles (250 mV s -1 ), (3) CV measurements (100 mV s -1 ), and (4) double layer capacitance measurements and (5) slow CVs with 10 mV s -1 . Double layer capacitance measurements were performed in a non-faradaic current regime by CV in a small potential window (±0.1 V) around 0.2 V with varied scan rates (500, 200, 100, 50, 20, and 10 mV s -1 ). Initially performed in Ar-saturated electrolyte to evaluate the electrochemical background signal, steps (3) and ( 5) were repeated in N 2 -saturated electrolyte to evaluate potential current increase due to the ongoing NRR, additionally to background HER. Thus, the potential NRR activity was qualitatively investigated as the initial step of a more sophisticated testing protocol necessary in NRR, which is beyond the scope of this study.
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4

Photostimulation-Induced Voltage Generation

2024
A three-electrode setup was used to evaluate the voltage generated by the carbon electrode during photostimulation [45] . The phantom used in this setup was prepared using 50 mL of saline mixed with 0.5% agar gel. Sulforhodamine 101 (1 μMol) for background visualization was added to the agar mixture after heating. A bundle of carbon fibers served as the counter electrode (Cytec Thornel T650), and an Ag|AgCl electrode was connected to the reference electrode. The working electrode was connected to a carbon electrode that was inserted into the phantom at a 30° angle. The photo-stimulation process was conducted utilizing a two-photon microscope from Bruker (Middleton, WI) equipped with an ultra-fast laser (Insight DS+; Spectra-Physics, Menlo Park, CA) tuned to an 800 nm wavelength and a 4.0 µs dwell time. The system featured non-descanned photomultiplier tubes provided by Hamamatsu Photonics KK (Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan) and employed a 16X, 0.8 numerical aperture water immersion objective lens sourced from Nikon Instruments (Melville, NY).
The point spread function of our two-photon microscopy system is ~ 7 μm in the z-direction. Attention was devoted to maintaining the laser focus on the prototype electrodes during photos-stimulation. Chronopotentiometry was performed using an Autolab unit with an ECD (extremely low current) module and NOVA software (PGSTAT128N, Metrohm Autolab, Utrecht, Netherlands) to measure the generated voltage by the carbon electrode. For the Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, impedances were recorded from the carbon electrode connected to the Autolab potentiostat. Impedances were recorded for each channel using a 10 mV RMS sine wave in a range of 1 Hz-100 kHz. For the cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests, the working electrode potential was swept between 0.8 V and -0.6 V with a scan rate of 1 V/s.
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5

Electrochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials

2024
If not stated otherwise, all electrochemical measurements were performed in a beaker (15‐20 mL) at room temperature (∼22 °C) and ambient air using a three‐electrode setup and controlled by an Autolab PGSTAT204 or PGSTAT128N instrument, equipped with a FRA module and a spectrophotometer unit, from Metrohm.
The reference electrode (RE) is a commercial Ag/AgCl, filled with saturated KCl or, in case of electrochemical dealloying, containing a KCl‐KNO3 salt bridge. All potentials are given versus Ag/AgCl. A self‐made AgCl‐wire substituted the commercial RE if measurement was done at 4 °C or the total reaction volume did not allow usage of full‐size electrodes. To prepare the AgCl‐wire, Ag‐wires were immersed in 1 m KCl solution, and current density of +1 mA cm−2 was applied for 3 min. To obtain a denser coating, the current was reversed every 30 s for 5 s. Applied potential was adjusted individually versus AgCl‐wire relative to the commercial RE.
As counter electrode (CE), a curled Pt‐wire (solely for electrochemical dealloying) or a carbon cloth was used. If assembled in an Eppendorf tube or cuvette, an Au‐wire was used instead.
For EIS, frequencies between 100 kHz and 1mHz with a peak amplitude of 10 mV were used and a curled Pt‐wire and AgCl‐wire served as RE and CE, respectively. Hereby, the cell was mounted in an Eppendorf tube (0.8 mL) or semi‐micro cuvette (1.3 mL) if accompanied by UV/Vis spectroscopy. EEC fitting was done with the impedance data analysis tool of the NOVA software by Metrohm.
Electrochemical nanoscale stirring was done via CVs between −500 and +200 mV (vs AgCl‐wire) at a scan rate of 5 mVs−1 (three cycles) followed by a 20 min break (constant potential) and in situ EIS. This procedure was repeated for 20 loops resulting in a total experiment time of 15.5 h (at 4 °C). UV/Vis spectra were recorded after each loop.
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Top 5 protocols citing «pgstat128n»

1

Impedance Spectroscopy for Tissue Barrier Monitoring

A PGstat128N from Metrohm Autolab BV (The Netherlands) was used to record impedance spectra. Four-point impedance measurements were taken periodically over a period of 65 days using a PGStat12/FRA (Autolab). Prior to initiating TEER measurements with cells cultured in Organ Chips, 50μL of warm DMEM was gently introduced through the apical compartment to wash away excess mucus. Following the washing step, 50μL of warm DMEM was introduced in the apical compartment and left to equilibrate at 37°C for 10 minutes before carrying out measurements. After measurement, the apical medium was again removed to restore ALI. TEER measurements were performed at room temperature for a maximum of 2 minutes, which did not affect culture quality. In some studies, EGTA (2mM) was introduced in the apical channel, followed by the basal channel 10 minutes later to disrupt tight junctions, and chips were incubated at 37°C for 150 minutes. TEER values were measured every 10 minutes for 1h and then every 30 min thereafter at room temperature. Cells were immediately placed back in incubator immediately after each measurement.
At high frequency (>10KHz), the impedance curves are mostly characterized by the solution resistance, whereas TEER dominates the signal at lower frequency (<100Hz); capacitance is extracted from impedance data in the intermediate range (100Hz-10KHz). This approach facilitates interpretation of TEER data as the background impedance of the system is automatically subtracted by the model. Several models were tested and assessed based on both the goodness-of-fit (χ2) criteria and their ability to provide a useful understanding of the underlying biology. The selected model, which consists of a resistor RSOL in series with another resistor RTEER and a constant phase element (CPE), fitted all of the data well (χ2 <0.01). More complex models with better χ2 were found to not always be able to fit all data sets or were difficult to interpret. CPEs are not typically used in electrophysiology to model cell capacitance, but they have been shown to better fit the measured impedance of many cells [17 ]. We also found this element to be particularly useful to model the early stages of cell growth (<6 days). The mathematical expression of a CPE impedance is:
ZCPE=1Yo(jω)n in which the CPE’s impedance is expressed as a function of the system’s admittance Yo, and an exponent n equaling 1 or 0 for an ideal capacitor or an ideal resistor, respectively. Values for RTEER, Yo and n were estimated by modeling the experimental data using the equivalent circuit presented in Fig. 2B and using equation 2 to calculate the capacitance of the cell layer Ccell expressed in Farad (F).
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2

Electrochemiluminescence Characterization of Complexes

An Autolab PGSTAT 101 or PGSTAT 128N potentiostat was used to perform chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry experiments (Metrohm Autolab B.V., Netherlands). The instrumental configuration was equivalent to that described previously.20 (link) For cyclic voltammetry measurements, the complexes were prepared at 0.25 mM in degassed, freshly distilled acetonitrile (0.1 M [TBA][PF6] supporting electrolyte) and referenced to the formal potential of the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple (1 mM), measured in situ in each case. ECL spectra were obtained using a model QE65pro CCD spectrometer (Ocean Optics) interfaced with the working electrode through a collimating lens and custom built cell holder (Fig. S1 in ESI); the potentiostat applied a two-step chronoamperometry pulse at 0.5 Hz (i.e. alternating 1 s oxidative potential with 1 s reductive potential) for 12 s, unless otherwise stated. Intensities were calculated from the average integrated peak area of three replicates. For convenience, the arbitrary intensity units from spectrometer were divided by 103. To generate the 3D profiles (intensity versus emission wavelength and applied reduction potential) of annihilation ECL, appropriate concentrations of the complexes were prepared in freshly distilled acetonitrile with 0.1 M [TBA][PF6] supporting electrolyte, and solutions were degassed with grade 5 argon prior to analysis. NOVA software was configured to apply a two-step 0.5 Hz pulse from the oxidative potential to corresponding reduction potentials, for 12 s, with a 30 s wait time between each pulse sequence, to allow for degassing (15 s) between the collection of each spectrum.
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3

Electrochemical Characterization of Supercapacitors

All electrochemical tests were undertaken with a workstation (PGSTAT 128N, Metrohm Autolab, Utrecht, The Netherlands). Before examination of the performance of a SC, as-prepared pasted CFCs (exposed active area approximately 10 mm × 15 mm) were first soaked in H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte (1 M) for 24 h to ensure complete immersion of the electrolyte into an electrode. The potential window of a carbon electrode in an aqueous electrolyte was measured in a three-electrode cell: pasted CFCs as a working electrode and counter electrode; saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as a reference electrode. Symmetrical carbon–carbon SCs were assembled with two identical pasted CFCs as electrodes and H2SO4 (1 M) as an electrolyte. The specific capacitances (Csp, F/g) of the symmetric SCs derived from galvanostatic discharge curves were calculated based on the following equation [21 (link)],
Csp=I×tm×ΔV
where I, ∆t, and ∆V represent the discharge current, interval for full discharge, and operating potential difference of a SC, respectively. m denotes the total net mass of active material contained in two CFCs. The corresponding energy density (E, W h/kg) and power density (P, W/kg) were calculated as follows [21 (link)]:
P=EΔt
where ∆V is the SC voltage and ∆t is the corresponding discharge period. It has been discussed that the areal capacitance (F/cm2), areal energy density (W h/cm2), and areal power density (W/cm2) are more reliable metrics of the performance for supercapacitances [22 (link)]. In this report, we use both units (such as F/g and F/cm2) for clarity. Electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were measured with a sinusoidal signal of 10 mV over a frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 mHz.
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4

Electrochemical Characterization of Neurotransmitters

All the electrochemical measurements were performed using an Autolab PGSTAT12 and PGSTAT128N (Metrohm USA, Minneapolis, MN). Measurements were taken using both two electrode or three electrode configurations with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum counter electrode and either a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) or CNF working electrode. The Ag/AgCl reference electrode was prepared by chlorination in bleach using a Ag wire (Alfa Aesar). The GCE used here for comparison was a conventional disc electrode with a diameter of 1 mm. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) with a 20 mV modulation amplitude and 5 mV step potential was used to characterize DA and 5-HT detection.
The carbon electrodes were pre-conditioned prior to electrochemical characterization. Electrodes were soaked in 1 M nitric acid (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 10 minutes to further oxidize surface functional groups. For electrohemical measurement, a custom-built liquid cell with 4 mm inner diameter o-ring was used to define the CNF working electrode area while the GCE was placed in a small beaker. DA (5-hydroxytyramine), 5-HT (5-hydroxytryptamine), and AA were all purchased from Sigma (Sigma Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO) and used as purchased. A modified Tris buffer, containing 15 mM Tris, 140 mM NaCl, 3.25 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2, 1.25 mM NaH2PO4, 1.2 mM MgCl2, and 2 mM Na2SO4, adjusted to pH 7.4 was used for all electrochemistry experiments.
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5

Electrochemical Performance of Ni3S2, rGO, Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/rGO

All electrochemical measurements were performed in a standard three-electrode cell. The composite electrode served as the working electrode, while a Pt wire and an Ag/AgCl (sat.KCl) electrode were used as the counter and a reference electrode, respectively. CV and galvanostatic charge–discharge curves were measured in a 1 M KOH solution using a CHI 635A electrochemical workstation. EIS measurements were conducted with an Eco Chemie Autolab PGSTAT-128N potentiostat equipped with the FRA2 frequency response analyzer module and GPES/FRA software. An AC voltage with 5 mV amplitude in a frequency range of 0.01 Hz–10 kHz was applied. For the electrode preparations of Ni3S2, rGO, Fe3O4 or Fe3O4/rGO, the individual powder was mixed with carbon black and polyvinylidene difluoride at a weight ratio of 8:1:1. After thorough mixing, the slurry was pressed onto Ni foam (1 cm2) and then dried at 60°C in vacuum for 1 day. The as-fabricated electrode was characterized in a 1 M KOH solution using CV and EIS.
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