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Nichrome wire

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Nichrome wire is a metal alloy composed of approximately 80% nickel and 20% chromium. It is known for its high electrical resistance and durability, making it a commonly used material in various applications, including laboratory equipment. Nichrome wire is valued for its ability to maintain its electrical properties at high temperatures.

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34 protocols using «nichrome wire»

1

Implantation of Drivable Electrode Bundles in Rat VTA

2025
For Experiment 1, rats were implanted with 32-channel drivable electrode bundles targeting left VTA (ML = −0.50 mm, AP = −5.40 mm, DV = −7.40 mm), protected by plastic caps. Electrodes were constructed from 25 µm formvar-insulated NiChrome wires (A-M Systems Carlsborg, WA)71 (link). The wires were bundled in two 27-gauge cannulas centered 740 um apart and mounted in a custom 3D-printed microdrive. Prior to implantation, wires were trimmed to 1–2 mm, spread to allow ≥ 25 µm between them, and gold-plated to an impedance of 400–700 kΩ (at 100 Hz). Surgeries were performed under isoflurane with aseptic technique, and 0.5 mg/kg Carprofen was provided for two days for pain management. For two weeks, oral cephalexin and topical Neosporin were also provided.
For Experiment 2, rats were implanted with similar electrodes targeting the VTA. In this experiment, most rats had 8-channel electrodes, while one had 32 channels.
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2

Extracellular Recording in Chick NCL

2024
On the 7th day after hatching chicks were fully anesthetized using Isoflurane inhalation (1.5 to 2.0% gas volume, Vetflurane, 1,000 mg/g, Virbac, Italy) and placed in the stereotaxic apparatus with a bar fixed at the beaks’ base and tilted 45° to ear bars. Local anesthesia (Emla cream, 2.5% lidocaine + 2.5% prilocaine, AstraZeneka, S.p.A.) was applied to the ears and skull skin before and after the surgery. Metal screws were placed into the skull for grounding and stabilization of the implant. A small craniotomy was made in the skull above the NCL (1.0 mm anterior to the bregma, 4.5 mm lateral to the midline, Fig. 2A) on the right hemisphere (five chicks) or on the left hemisphere (one chick). For extracellular recordings, we used self-wired tetrodes made out of formvar-insulated Nichrome wires (17.78 µm diameter, A-M Systems), which were gold-plated to reduce the impedance to 250 to 350 kOm (controlled by nanoZ, Plexon Inc.). Then, a commercially available Halo-5 microdrive (Neuralynx) was assembled according to the producer instructions, where four single tetrodes were put into polymicro tubes (inner diameter 0.1 mm) and glued to the plastic shuttles. The microdrive was implanted and fixed first with quick adhesive silicone (Kwik-Sil, World Precision Instruments) and then with dental cement (Henry Schein Krugg Srl, Italy).
After the surgery, the chicks were left to recover until the next day in their home cages. Between the 8th and the 12th day after hatching, we recorded neural responses to face-like stimuli in the NCL of chicks. Before every recording session, the microdrive was connected to the Plexon system (Plexon Inc.) via a QuickClip connector and an omnetics headstage (Neuralynx). After every recording session, the tetrodes were manually advanced by ca. 100 µm.
Signals were preamplified with a 16-channel head-stage (20×, Plexon Model number: PX.HST/16 V-G20-LN) subsequently amplified 1,000× and digitalized. Spike detection and sorting was automatically performed in Kilosort 2.0 (66 (link)) with following parameters: ops.minfr_goodchannels = 0.1; ops.Th = [10 5]; ops.lam = 20; ops.AUCsplit = 0.95; ops.ThPre = 8; ops.spkTh = −6. All identified units were manually curated using Phy 2.0.
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3

Microwire Electrode Implantation in Rat VTA

2024
For Experiment 1, rats were implanted with 32-channel drivable electrode bundles targeting left VTA (ML = −0.50 mm, AP = −5.40 mm, DV = −7.40 mm), protected by plastic caps.
Electrodes were constructed from 25μm formvar-insulated NiChrome wires (A-M Systems Carlsborg, WA) as previously described (Takahashi, Batchelor et al. 2017 ). The wires were bundled in two 27-gauge cannulas centered 740 um apart and mounted in a custom 3D-printed microdrive. Prior to implantation, wires were trimmed to 1-2 mm, spread to allow ≥ 25 μm between them, and gold-plated to an impedance of 400-700 kΩ (at 100 Hz). Surgeries were performed under isoflurane with aseptic technique, and 0.5 mg/kg Carprofen was provided for two days for pain management. For two weeks, oral cephalexin and topical Neosporin were also provided.
For Experiment 2, rats were implanted with similar electrodes targeting the VTA. In this experiment, most rats had 8-channel electrodes, while one had 32 channels.
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4

Extracellular Recordings from Chick Nidopallium Caudolaterale

2024
On the 7th day after hatching chicks were fully anaesthetized using Isoflurane inhalation (1.5 -2.0% gas volume, Vetflurane, 1000mg/g, Virbac, Italy) and placed in the stereotaxic apparatus with a bar fixed at the beaks' base and tilted 45° to ear bars. Local anaesthesia (Emla cream, 2.5% lidocaine + 2.5% prilocaine, AstraZeneka, S.p.A.) was applied to the ears and skull skin before and after the surgery. Metal screws were placed into the skull for grounding and stabilisation of the implant. A small craniotomy was made in the skull above the NCL (1.0 mm anterior to the bregma, 4.5 mm lateral to the midline, Fig. S2) on the right hemisphere (5 chicks) or on the left hemisphere (1 chick). For extracellular recordings we used self-wired tetrodes made out of formvar-insulated Nichrome wires (17.78 µm diameter, A-M Systems, USA), which were goldplated to reduce the impedance to 250 -350 kOm (controlled by nanoZ, Plexon Inc., USA). Then, a commercially available Halo-5 microdrive (Neuralynx, USA) was assembled according to the producer instructions, where four single tetrodes were put into polymicro tubes (inner diameter 0.1 mm) and glued to the plastic shuttles. The microdrive was implanted and fixed first with quick adhesive silicone (Kwik-Sil, World Precision Instruments, USA) and then with dental cement (Henry Schein Krugg Srl, Italy).
After the surgery, the chicks were left to recover until the next day in their home cages. Between the 8th and the 12th day after hatching we recorded neural responses to face-like stimuli in the NCL of chicks. Before every recording session the microdrive was connected to the Plexon system (Plexon Inc., USA) via a QuickClip connector and an omnetics headstage (Neuralynx, USA). After every recording session the tetrodes were manually advanced by ca. 100 µm.
Signals were pre-amplified with a 16-channel head-stage (20×, Plexon Model number: PX.HST/16V-G20-LN) subsequently amplified 1000 × and digitalised. Spike detection and sorting was automatically performed in Kilosort 2.0 48 with following parameters: ops.minfr_goodchannels = 0.1; ops.Th = [10 5]; ops.lam = 20; ops.AUCsplit = 0.95; ops.ThPre = 8; ops.spkTh = -6. All identified units were manually curated using Phy 2.0.
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Corresponding organizations : University of Trento

5

Virus Injection and Electrode Implantation in Mouse CeL

2024
For virus injection, the mice were anesthetized via an intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (100 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg, respectively). The mice were fixed in a stereotaxic frame using ear bars (Kopf Instruments, CA, USA). The coordinates for the CeL were −1.3 mm anteroposterior, ±2.9 mm mediolateral, and −4.6 mm dorsoventral. The total injection volume was 50 nl for the CeL. The virus solution was infused at 1 nl/s using a Nanoject III (Drummond Scientific, PA, USA).
For the chronic implantation of electrodes, the mice were anesthetized with isoflurane using SomnoSuite (Kent Scientific, CT, USA). Stainless steel screws were implanted into the skull for electrode fixation. Each bundle of electrodes, consisting of 16 individually insulated nichrome wires (with a diameter of 15 μm and impedance of 70–120 KΩ; A-M Systems, WA, USA), was attached to the electrode guides. Two electrodes were connected to a 36-pin dual-row male nano connector (Omnetics, MN, USA). The connectors were referenced and grounded via four insulated silver wires (127 μm in diameter; A-M Systems). The electrodes were slowly placed into the CeL (1–5 μm/s) using a manipulator (Scientifica, Uckfield, UK), and the reference and ground wires were placed into the cerebellum. Electrodes and connectors were firmly fixed on the skull with Superbond (Sun Medical, Moriyama, Japan). The mice were allowed to recover for 21 days after surgery.
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Top 5 most cited protocols using «nichrome wire»

1

Investigating Hippocampal LTP Modulation by Nr4a

To assess the effects of Nr4a dominant-negative transgene expression on hippocampal LTP, mice were killed by cervical dislocation and their hippocampi were quickly dissected in ice-cold oxygenated artificial CSF (aCSF; 124 mM NaCl, 4.4 mM KCl, 1.3 mM MgSO4·7H2O, 1 NaH2PO4·H2O, 26.2 mM NaHCO3, 2.5 mM CaCl2·2H2O, 10 mM glucose). Transverse hippocampal slices were cut 400 μm thick using a Stoelting tissue chopper, placed in an interface recording chamber, and perfused with oxygenated aCSF at 28.0 °C. Slices were allowed to recover for at least 2 h before beginning electrophysiological recordings. Single-pathway recordings were made using a single bipolar stimulating electrode made from nichrome wire (A–M Systems) placed in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 subfield and used to elicit action potentials in the axons of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Field potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded using an aCSF-filled glass microelectrode (A–M Systems) with a resistance between 0.5 and 5 MΩ placed in the stratum radiatum region of CA1. Data collection was handled by Clampex software (Molecular Devices, Palo Alto, CA) and was analyzed using Clampfit (Molecular Devices). The peak fEPSP amplitude induced by the stimulating electrode was required to be at least 5 mV, and stimulus intensity during the recording was set to produce a response of 40% of the maximum fEPSP amplitude. Test stimulation occurred once every minute. Baseline responses were recorded for 20 min before LTP induction or drug application. To examine early-phase LTP (E-LTP) one train of stimuli at 100 Hz for 1 s was applied through the stimulating electrode. To examine late-phase LTP (L-LTP) four trains of stimuli at 100 Hz for 1 s were delivered 5 min apart (spaced 4-train HFS), or a theta-burst (TBS) protocol consisting of 15 pulses of 40 ms duration delivered at a rate of 5 Hz was used. Recordings continued for 160 min after LTP induction. The initial slopes of the recorded fEPSPs were normalized to the averaged slope of the 20 baseline traces and expressed as a percentage of this baseline. Input–output characteristics in area CA1 were investigated by recording the fEPSPs elicited by stimuli of decreasing intensity. The initial fEPSP slopes were plotted against the amplitudes of corresponding presynaptic fiber volleys and fit with linear regressions. The maximum elicited fEPSP slope was also recorded as a measure of synaptic strength. Paired-pulse facilitation, a short-term form of synaptic plasticity and a measure of presynaptic function, was measured in slices from control and Nr4aDN mutant mice. Paired stimuli were delivered with varying interpulse intervals (300, 200, 100, 50 and 25 ms) and the initial fEPSP slope from the second stimulus was plotted relative to the slope from the first stimulus to give the facilitation ratio.
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Corresponding organizations : University of Pennsylvania

2

Chronic Hippocampal Electrode Implantation in Rats

At age 3 months rats underwent implantation of a bilateral array of recording electrodes. The rats were anesthetized with inhaled isoflurane and placed in a stereotaxic frame. The skull was exposed and four screws inserted, two anterior to the left and right ends of bregma and two left and right over the cerebellum. Grounding was achieved via the right cerebellar screw.
Rats were chronically implanted with a custom implant (Versadrive; Neuralynx, Montana) that allowed for LFP and single cell recording from a 2 × 2 array of tetrodes in both the left and right hippocampus (− 3.8 AP, ± 3.8 ML, set at ± 10°). All tetrodes were made from 25 μm diameter nichrome wire (A–M systems; Carlsborg, WA). Their tips were placed 2.0 mm below the skull surface. For all implants, each tetrode wire was gold plated before implantation until the impedance was between 80 and 200 kΩ.
All implants were fixed to the skull via the skull screws (FHC Inc.) and Grip Cement (Dentsply Inc.). The wound was sutured and topical antibiotic applied. The interval between surgery and the beginning of electrophysiological recording was 1 week.
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Corresponding organizations : University of Vermont, University of California, Irvine, Inserm, Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée, University College London

3

Hippocampal LTP after Sleep Deprivation

To assess the effects of SD after OPR training on hippocampal LTP, electrophysiological recordings were performed as described previously (Vecsey et al., 2009 (link)). Animals were trained in the OPR paradigm at ZT 0 (n = 19). They were then either left undisturbed in their home cages (NSD control group, n = 9), or subjected to 3 hours of SD. Animals were sleep deprived for 3 hours either directly after training (OPR + SD ZT 1–4 group, n = 5) or 1 hour after training.(OPR + SD ZT 2–5 group n = 5) (Fig. 1B). A separate group of naïve mice that did not receive OPR training were either sleep deprived from ZT 2–5 (SD ZT 2–5 group, n = 6) or left undisturbed in their home cages (NSD group, n = 8). Immediately after sleep deprivation, SD and time-matched NSD mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and their hippocampi were dissected rapidly in iced oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; 124 mM NaCl, 4.4 mM KCl, 1.3 mM MgSO4*7H2O, 1 NaH2PO4*H2O, 26.2 mM NaHCO3, 2.5 mMCaCl2*2H2O, 10 mM glucose). 400 μm thick transverse hippocampal slices were prepared using a Stoelting tissue chopper (Stoelting Co. Wood Dale, IL) and placed in an interface chamber and continuously perfused with oxygenated aCSF while they equilibrated for at least 1.5 hours at 28.0ºC before starting electrophysiological recordings. Single pathway recordings were made using a single bipolar stimulating electrode (A-M Systems; 0.002 inches diameter nichrome wire) placed in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 subfield to elicit action potentials in the axons of CA3 pyramidal neurons. An aCSF-filled glass microelectrode (A-M Systems; 1.5 mm x 0.85 mm) with a resistance between 0.5 and 3 MΩ placed in the stratum radiatum region of CA1 was used to record the resulting field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP). Data were acquired and analyzed using Clampex 8.2 software (Molecular Devices, Palo Alto, CA). Peak fEPSPs amplitude was required to be at least 5 mV, and stimulus intensity was set to produce 40% of the maximal response. Test stimulation occurred once every minute. A 20-minute baseline period was recorded in each experiment prior to stimulation. To examine late-phase LTP (L-LTP), 4 trains of stimuli at 100 Hz for 1 second were delivered 5 minutes apart, otherwise known as spaced 4-train high frequency stimulation. Recordings continued for at least 2 hours after LTP induction. Initial fEPSP slopes were normalized against the average of the 20 baseline traces. Input-output characteristics in area CA1 were investigated by recording the fEPSPs elicited by stimuli of increasing intensity after maximum fEPSP was determined. The initial fEPSP slopes were plotted against the amplitudes of corresponding presynaptic fiber volleys and fit with linear regressions. The maximum elicited fEPSP slope was also recorded as a measure of synaptic strength. Paired-pulse facilitation, a short-term form of synaptic plasticity and a measure of presynaptic function, was measured in slices from NSD and SD groups. Paired stimuli were delivered with varying interpulse intervals (300, 200, 100, 50, and 25 ms) and the fEPSP slope from the 2nd stimulus was plotted relative to the slope from the 1st stimulus to give the facilitation ratio. We combined NSD control data from the 2 experimental groups as they were not significantly different from each other.
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Corresponding organizations : University of Pennsylvania, University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

4

Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Cdk5 Mice

Three to four month old Cdk5f/f/T29 mice or their Cdk5f/f control littermates were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and hippocampi were rapidly dissected in ice-cold oxygenated artificial CSF (ACSF). Transverse hippocampal slices (400 µm thick) were placed in a chamber and continuously perfused with oxygenated ACSF consisting of (in mM): 119 NaCl, 2.5 KCl, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.3 MgSO4, 1 NaH2PO4, 26.2 NaHCO3, 11 D-glucose, pH 7.4. A bipolar stimulating electrode (0.002 in diameter nichrome wire; A-M Systems) placed in the stratum radiatum was used to elicit action potentials in CA3 Schaffer collateral axons. An ACSF-filled glass microelectrode with a resistance between 0.5 and 3 MΩ was placed in the stratum radiatum region of area CA1 and was used to record the field excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSP). Data were acquired using HEKA EPC10 and analyzed by Patchmaster (HEKA). Peak fEPSP amplitudes from stimulators were required to be at least 2 mV, and stimulus intensity was set to produce 40% of the maximal response. Baseline responses were recorded for 20 min. fEPSPs were evoked at area CA1 synapses by stimulating Schaffer collaterals at a low frequency (2 per min) to establish a stable baseline. Immediately following LTP induction with 2 trains of high-frequency stimulation (HFS, 100 Hz, 1 s), with an interval of 20 s, slices from Cdk5f/f/T29 and control Cdk5f/f mice showed an increase in fEPSP slope and amplitude, suggesting that short-term potentiation (STP) occurs in all groups.
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Corresponding organizations : Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Virginia

5

Optogenetic Manipulation and Electrophysiology in Rat VLO

Three to 4 weeks after virus injection, rats were anesthetized with 3% pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, ip) and their heads were placed in a stereotaxic apparatus (model 942, David Kopf). An optrode consisting of a multi-wire electrode tightly attached to an optical fiber cannula [ceramic ferrule: 2.50 mm diameter; optical fiber: 200 μm core diameter, 0.39 numerical aperture (NA), FT200EMT, Thorlabs, USA], with the tip of the electrode extending approximately 300 μm beyond the tip of the optical fiber, was used for laser illumination and extracellular recordings. The multi-wire electrode was made of 16 individually insulated nichrome wires (17.78 μm inner diameter, 761000, A-M Systems, USA) attached to a 20-pin connector. Extracellular signals were bandpass-filtered (0.3 to 5 kHz), amplified (1000×) using a 16-channel microelectrode amplifier (model 3600, A-M Systems, USA), and acquired with a data acquisition system (Powerlab 16/35, ADInstruments, Australia) with a sampling rate of 20 kHz. Data were analyzed using NeuroExplorer 4 (MicroBrightField, USA) and neurophysiological data analysis software.
To confirm the efficacy of eNpHR3.0-mediated inhibition, the optrode was slowly lowered to the left VLO using a micromanipulator (IVM-1000, Scientifica, UK) in anesthetized rats expressing eNpHR3.0. The optical fiber was connected to a 593-nm laser (YL593T6, SLOC, China) controlled by a pulse stimulator (Master-9, A.M.P.I., Israel). The power density of light emitted from the optrode was calibrated to approximately 5 mW. After spontaneous firing of neurons was detected, 593-nm laser illumination (10 epochs of 500 ms, separated by a variable interval of 20 to 40 s) reliably suppressed neural activities in a temporally precise, stable, and reversible manner (fig. S3).
Similarly, for the rats expressing ChR2, 473-nm laser (BL473T3, SLOC, China) illumination (5 mW, 20 Hz, 15-ms pulse duration, 10 epochs of 500 ms, separated by a variable interval of 20 to 40 s) induced reliable spikes in VLO neurons (fig. S8). Note that the rats used to confirm the efficacy of ChR2-mediated activation were raised on food without Dox after virus injection.
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Corresponding organizations : Army Medical University, City University of Hong Kong

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