Indometacin

The surface markers of DPSCs were analysed by flow cytometry (BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. After washing with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) twice, the cells were incubated with monoclonal antibodies against human CD34 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), CD45 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), CD146 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK), STRO‐1 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), CD73 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and CD90 (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) at 4°C for 30 min and analysed by flow cytometry.
To test their potent multilineage differentiation, DPSCs were cultured in the osteogenic‐inducing medium, i.e. basal medium supplemented with 50 mg/L vitamin C (Wako Chemical, Tokyo, Japan), 10 mmol/L sodium β‐glycerophosphate (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 10 nmol/L dexamethasone (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), or in the adipogenic‐inducing medium, i.e. basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mmol/L isobutyl‐methylxanthine (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 60 μmol/L indometacin (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 0.5 μmol/L hydrocortisone(Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and 10 μg/mL insulin (Sigma‐Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) or in the chondrogenic‐inducing medium(OriCell® Cyagen Biosciences, Guangzhou, China), i.e. basal medium supplemented with cells chondrogenic differentiation I, cells chondrogenic differentiation II. After 21 days of osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation, the cells were washed 3 times with PBS, fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution for 15 min, and then were stained with Alizarin Red S staining kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and Oil Red O staining kit (Solarbio, Beijing, China), respectively. The Alcian blue staining was performed post‐sectioning after 21 days of chondrogenic differentiation.