Polyvinylidene difluoride pvdf membrane

The human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell line and human monocyte (THP-1) cell line were acquired from The Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of The Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were procured from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (Massachusetts, USA). Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, cat. no. S1819) was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology (Jiangsu, China), and IL-4 (cat. no. M9363) was obtained from Abmole Biotechnology LTD. (Texas, USA). CD68 (cat. no. 12-0689-41), CD80 (cat. no. 11-0809-41), and CD206 (cat. no. 17-2069-41) were acquired from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. The PKH67 Green Fluorescent Cell Linker Kit and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were acquired from Sigma‒Aldrich (Missouri, USA), while phosphotungstic acid hydrate was purchased from Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). SB431542 and GW4869 were acquired from MedChemExpress, LLC. (Shanghai, China). A BCA protein quantification kit was obtained from CoWin Biosciences (Jiangsu, China), whereas polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes were acquired from MilliporeSigma (Massachusetts, USA). Exosome-depleted FBS (Exo-FBS, cat. no. EXO-FBS-250A-1) was purchased from System Biosciences, LLC. (California, USA). The primary antibodies against Smad3 (cat. no. ab40854), phosphorylated (p)‑Smad3 (cat. no. ab52903), and Smad7 (cat. no. ab216428) were obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, United Kingdom). Anti-snail (cat. no. 3879), anti-p-Smad2 (cat. no. AP0269), anti-CD81 (cat. no. GB111073), anti-TSG101 (cat. no. GB15618), anti-Vimentin (cat. no. GB11192), anti-Collagen 1 (cat. no. GB114197), anti-E-cadherin (cat. no. GB11868), anti-TGF-βRI (cat. no. GB11271), anti-Smad2 (cat. no. GB11511), anti-GAPDH (cat. no. GB11002) and an HRP‑conjugated goat anti‑rabbit IgG secondary antibody (cat. no. GB23303) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Massachusetts, USA), ABclonal, Inc. (Massachusetts, USA), and Wuhan Servicebio Technology Co., Ltd. (Hubei, China), respectively.

RPMI-1640 medium, fetal bovine serum, trypsin, and dual, antibodies (100 U/ml penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin), were purchased from Hyclone (USA); dimethyl, sulfoxide (DMSO) was a product of Sigma, (USA). The UV-visible spectra of HPD were recorded in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the solvent used for HPD preparation. The absorption peaks of HPD were observed at 405 nm (Soret band) and 630 nm (Q-band) (showing in supplementary Figure S1). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining kit and TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) apoptosis detection kit were purchased from Roche (Switzerland); RIPA lysis buffer and BCA (acid) protein assay kit were purchased from Solarbio (China); reverse transcription kit and SYBR Green quantitative PCR kit were purchased from Solarbio (China). TaKaRa (Japan); Western blotting primary and secondary antibody dilutions were purchased from BOSTER Bio (Wuhan, China); polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes and ECL chemiluminescence kits were obtained from MILLIPORE (USA); rabbit anti-mouse Caspase-3, rabbit anti-mouse Survivin, rabbit anti-mouse Bax, hematoporphyrin derivatives (10 mM × 1 ml in dimethyl sulfoxide), were purchased from Beijing Solarbio Company (China), and were shipped in batches and stored in a refrigerator at 4 °C under dark conditions. HPD was determined using RPMI-1640 medium. The LED-IB photodynamic therapy instrument used in the experiment was made by Wuhan Yage. It can output 630 nm of red light with an output power density of 80mW/cm2 and works in continuous mode.