Microglial cells (SIM-A9, CRL 3265) (Mus musculus), DMEM:F12 medium (30-2006) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from ATCC (Manasses, VA, USA). Heat-inactivated horse serum was purchased from Thermofisher Scientific. Alpha-synuclein antibody (Alexa Fluor 488) was purchased from Santacruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). WST-8 cell proliferation assay kit, 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid (GH) and β-Boswellic acid (BA) were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The peptide sequences YYIVS, GSGGL and MPDAHL were custom ordered from GenScript. N-hydroxy succinimide, EDAC hydrochloride (N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), solvents such as dimethyl formamide (DMF) and buffer solutions were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Allentown, PA, USA). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) ELISA kit was purchased from Sino Biological (Chesterbook, PA, USA). α-Synuclein pre-formed fibrils were purchased from r-Peptide Inc (Watkinsville, GA, USA).
Dimethylformamide dmf
Manufactured by Merck Group
Sourced in United States, Germany, India, Australia, United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Czechia, China
About the product
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a colorless, volatile, and flammable liquid compound commonly used as a solvent in various industrial and laboratory applications. It has the chemical formula C₃H₇NO. DMF is known for its high solubility and its ability to dissolve a wide range of organic and inorganic substances.
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Methanol, by Merck Group (23 mentions)
Sodium hydroxide (naoh), by Merck Group (23 mentions)
Acetonitrile, by Merck Group (21 mentions)
Dichloromethane dcm, by Merck Group (18 mentions)
Ethanol, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Acetone, by Merck Group (17 mentions)
Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (15 mentions)
Fetal bovine serum (fbs), by Thermo Fisher Scientific (14 mentions)
Triethylamine, by Merck Group (14 mentions)
Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (14 mentions)
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N hydroxysuccinimide nhs, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
Acetic acid, by Merck Group (10 mentions)
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Check compatibility
415 protocols using dimethylformamide dmf
1
Microglial Cell Culture and Treatments
2
Aflatoxin Quantification and Catalyst Characterization
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Aflatoxins, specifically AFG1 and AFG2, along with other compounds used in the preparation of the catalyst composite, such as zinc nitrate hexahydrate (≥ 99.0%), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (≥ 98%), nickel (II) chloride hexahydrate (≥ 98%), sodium hydroxide(≥ 97.0%), and terephthalic acid (98%), were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All organic solvents, including methanol (HPLC grade, ≥ 99.9%), acetonitrile (HPLC grade, ≥ 99.9%), and dimethylformamide (DMF, ≥ 99.8%), were sourced from Merck (Germany).
AFG1 and AFG2 were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (Knauer, Germany) method employing a photoreactor (UVE, LC tech) and an RF-20A fluorescence detector. The fluorescence detector was set to specific emission and excitation wavelengths of 435 nm and 362 nm, respectively, for AFG1 and AFG2 determination. Separation of the AFG1 and AFG2 was achieved using a Eurospher 100/5C18 column (4.6 mm ID, 5 μm ODS, 25 cm L). The Eurospher 100/5C18 column features a unpolar silica gel with a monomeric C18 (Octadecyl) modification. It is endcapped and has a carbon content of 16%. The column operates effectively at temperatures up to 40 °C, with a short-term tolerance of up to 50 °C, and boasts a specific surface area of 350 m2/g. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) and phosphate buffer (0.05 mM, pH 4), with a ratio of 40:60 v/v and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min⁻147 (link). The structural analysis of the catalyst composite included investigations using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) on a Bruker instrument (Germany), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE instrument (Germany), BET analysis using BELSORP Mini II (MicrotracBEL Corp, Japan), and Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) with a Mira 3 Tescan instrument (Czech Republic). Sample pH adjustments were conducted using a pH meter (Metrohm 780, Herisau, Switzerland) during the degradation process.
AFG1 and AFG2 were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography (Knauer, Germany) method employing a photoreactor (UVE, LC tech) and an RF-20A fluorescence detector. The fluorescence detector was set to specific emission and excitation wavelengths of 435 nm and 362 nm, respectively, for AFG1 and AFG2 determination. Separation of the AFG1 and AFG2 was achieved using a Eurospher 100/5C18 column (4.6 mm ID, 5 μm ODS, 25 cm L). The Eurospher 100/5C18 column features a unpolar silica gel with a monomeric C18 (Octadecyl) modification. It is endcapped and has a carbon content of 16%. The column operates effectively at temperatures up to 40 °C, with a short-term tolerance of up to 50 °C, and boasts a specific surface area of 350 m2/g. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol/acetonitrile (50:50 v/v) and phosphate buffer (0.05 mM, pH 4), with a ratio of 40:60 v/v and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min⁻147 (link). The structural analysis of the catalyst composite included investigations using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) on a Bruker instrument (Germany), X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE instrument (Germany), BET analysis using BELSORP Mini II (MicrotracBEL Corp, Japan), and Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) with a Mira 3 Tescan instrument (Czech Republic). Sample pH adjustments were conducted using a pH meter (Metrohm 780, Herisau, Switzerland) during the degradation process.
3
Nanomaterial-Enabled Flexible Electronics
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CA (Mn: 50 kDa), Ag NWs (0.5% w/w suspension in isopropyl alcohol (IPA)) with aspect ratio ~330 (diameter × length: 120–150 nm × 20 μm), Triton X-100, and dimethylformamide (DMF) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The ZnO NWs, A30 (diameter × length: 30–50 nm ×30 μm) were purchased from Novarials. PEDOT:PSS (PH 1000) was obtained from Ossila, and PEO (Mn: 100 kDa) was purchased from Alfa Aesar.
4
Graphite-based Pb(II) Removal Synthesis
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Graphite powder (size less than 20 μm), standard solution of Pb2+ (1000 mg L−1), terephthalic acid (H2BDC) (98%), FeCl3·6H2O (99%), Mg(NO3)2·6H2O (98%), K3[Fe(CN)6] (99%), K4[Fe(CN)6]·3H2O (98%), KOH (90%), KH2PO4 (99.5%), K2HPO4 (98%), H3PO4 (85%), CH3COOH (99%), CH3COONa (99%), KCl (99.5%), NaNO3 (99%), KMnO4 (98%), H2SO4 (98%), dimethylformamide (DMF) were obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Deionized (DI) water and ethanol (C2H5OH) were used for solution preparation, cleaning, and other purposes.
5
Porous Carbon Particles for Adsorption
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Sucrose (Carlo Erba, Val-de-Reuil, France), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS, 98%, Sigma Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA), ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH, 25%, Sigma Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA), and ethanol (ethanol absolute anhydrous, ≥99.9%, Carlo Erba, Cornaredo, Italy) were used for the preparation of porous carbon particles (PCPs). Sulfuric acid (H2SO4, 95–97%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), nitric acid (HNO3, ≥65%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA), dimethylformamide (DMF, 99%, Sigma Aldrich Milwaukee, WI, USA), epichlorohydrin (ECH, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA), and polyethyleneimine (PEI, 50% in water, Mw:1800, Sigma-Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA) were used in the modification of PCPs. Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2.6H2O, 98%, Acros, Geel, Belgium), nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2.6H2O, 98%, Acros, Geel, Belgium), and copper chloride (CuCl2 anhydrous, 98%, Acros, Geel, Belgium) were used as corresponding metal ion sources. Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98%, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as a reducing agent and for the preparation of metal nanoparticles. Also, both Sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 98%, Merck) and ammonia–borane (NH3BH3, 97%, Aldrich, Milwaukee, WI, USA) were used for the production of hydrogen from hydrolysis reactions. Double distilled water was used for washing the prepared particles.
6
Electrochemical Sensor Fabrication Protocol
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PEDOT:PSS pH1000 (1.3%) was purchased from
Ossila, UK. Polystyrenesulfonate, dopamine hydrochloride, ascorbic
acid, uric acid, and serotonin hydrochloride were purchased from Fisher
Scientific. Dimethylformamide (DMF) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Pyrrole
was purchased from Oakwood Chemical, Estill, SC. DI water was obtained
from a Millipore water purification system. Electrolytes, such as
disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) and monosodium
phosphate (NaH2PO4), were also purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were purchased from MSE
supplies. The concentrations of Na2HPO4 and
NaH2PO4 were 10 and 1.8 mM, respectively, for
the preparation of a PBS buffer solution (pH = 7.4). Prefabricated
interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) were from NanoSPR, LLC, Chicago,
IL. The channel length L of the IDEs is 20 μm, and the total
channel width W is 20 mm (1 mm each ×20 pairs). The GCE electrode
and electrode polishing kit were purchased from CH Instruments.
Ossila, UK. Polystyrenesulfonate, dopamine hydrochloride, ascorbic
acid, uric acid, and serotonin hydrochloride were purchased from Fisher
Scientific. Dimethylformamide (DMF) was from Sigma-Aldrich. Pyrrole
was purchased from Oakwood Chemical, Estill, SC. DI water was obtained
from a Millipore water purification system. Electrolytes, such as
disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) and monosodium
phosphate (NaH2PO4), were also purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were purchased from MSE
supplies. The concentrations of Na2HPO4 and
NaH2PO4 were 10 and 1.8 mM, respectively, for
the preparation of a PBS buffer solution (pH = 7.4). Prefabricated
interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) were from NanoSPR, LLC, Chicago,
IL. The channel length L of the IDEs is 20 μm, and the total
channel width W is 20 mm (1 mm each ×20 pairs). The GCE electrode
and electrode polishing kit were purchased from CH Instruments.
7
Synthesis and Characterization of Pentafluorophenyl Acrylate Polymers
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All of the solvents employed in the reactions
were analytical grade and used in their original form. Anhydrous 1,4-dioxane,
dimethylformamide (DMF), and pentafluorophenol were obtained from
Merck, Germany, as commercially available products. Aqueous solutions
were prepared using Milli-Q water that had been purified by the Millipore
Milli-Q system, which incorporates processes such as reverse osmosis,
ion exchange, and filtration. Pentafluorophenyl acrylate (PFPA) and
poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (PPFPA) were synthesized using an
adapted procedure based on the method originally developed by Jochum
and Théato.50 (link) 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric
acid) (ACVA), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), acrylic acid (AA), 1-amino-2-propanol,
1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, benzyl bromide, copper bromide, and sodium
azide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and used as received. 4-Cyanopentanoic
acid dithiobenzoate (CPADB) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
Alkyl bromides and alkyne reagents were purchased from Applied Chemical
and Instrument Co., ltd. Azido compounds were prepared according to
the previous study.51 (link) Propargyl phenyl
ether (PPE) was synthesized according to a published procedure.52 (link)
were analytical grade and used in their original form. Anhydrous 1,4-dioxane,
dimethylformamide (DMF), and pentafluorophenol were obtained from
Merck, Germany, as commercially available products. Aqueous solutions
were prepared using Milli-Q water that had been purified by the Millipore
Milli-Q system, which incorporates processes such as reverse osmosis,
ion exchange, and filtration. Pentafluorophenyl acrylate (PFPA) and
poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) (PPFPA) were synthesized using an
adapted procedure based on the method originally developed by Jochum
and Théato.50 (link) 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric
acid) (ACVA), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), acrylic acid (AA), 1-amino-2-propanol,
1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole, benzyl bromide, copper bromide, and sodium
azide were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and used as received. 4-Cyanopentanoic
acid dithiobenzoate (CPADB) was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.
Alkyl bromides and alkyne reagents were purchased from Applied Chemical
and Instrument Co., ltd. Azido compounds were prepared according to
the previous study.51 (link) Propargyl phenyl
ether (PPE) was synthesized according to a published procedure.52 (link)
8
Zinc-based Nanostructure Synthesis
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Zinc acetate (Zn(Ac)2 99% pure), zinc nitrate hexahydrate, 2‐methylimidazole (2‐MeIm, 99%), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, average MW 1,300,000) were obtained from Acros Organics. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN, average MW 150,000), anhydrous tertiary butanol (t‐BuOH, >99%), dimethylformamide (DMF), and Isopropanol (>99.5%) were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich. All reagents were used as received without further purification. Deionized water was used wherever required throughout the experiments.
9
Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks
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The following chemicals were purchased and used as-received without further purification. Zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4, ≥99.9%, Sigma Aldrich), 2-aminoterephthalic acid (H2ATA, ≥99%, Sigma Aldrich), 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (≥98%, Sigma Aldrich), copper(II) chloride (CuCl2, ≥99%, Sigma Aldrich), Formic acid (HCOOH, reagent grade, CS Pharm Chemical), n-Butyllithium (n-BuLi, 2.5 M solution in hexanes, Sigma Aldrich), sodium triethylborohydride (NaEt3BH, 0.1 M in tetrahydrofuran solution, Sigma Aldrich), dimethylformamide (DMF, HPLC grade, Sigma Aldrich), tetrahydrofuran (THF, HPLC grade, Sigma Aldrich).
10
Electrochemical Lactate Biosensor Development
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Lactate oxidase (LOx) from Aerococcus viridans (41 units mg−1 lyophilized powder) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Aniline (≥99.5%), m-Phenylenediamine (m-PD, Flakes, 99%), polyurethane (PU, Selectophore), glutaraldehyde (GA, 25% in H2O solution), bovine serum albumin (BSA, pH 7, ≥98%), sodium lactate, uric acid (≥99%, crystalline), D-(+)-glucose, dopamine, L-ascorbic acid (99%), and potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) (K3[Fe(CN)6]) were from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate (NaH2PO4), di-sodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na2HPO4), and potassium chloride (KCl) were from Ajax Fine chem (New South Wales, Australia). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), dimethylformamide (DMF), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Other chemicals were of analytical grade. All aqueous solutions were prepared with water from Milli-Q purification system (resistivity ≥ 18 MΩ cm−1).
Electrochemical experiments were performed using an Autolab Potentiostat/Galvanostat controlled by the NOVA 2.1.4 software (Metrohm Autolab, Utrecht, The Netherlands). The measurements were carried out using the screen-printed gold electrode (Metrohm, KM Utrecht, The Netherlands) comprised of a gold working electrode (4 mm in diameter, 0.126 cm2), a silver pseudo-reference electrode, and a gold counter electrode [27 (link)]. Scanning electron microscopic images were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Quanta 400, FEI, Osaka, Japan). All experiments were carried out at room temperature (25 °C).
Electrochemical experiments were performed using an Autolab Potentiostat/Galvanostat controlled by the NOVA 2.1.4 software (Metrohm Autolab, Utrecht, The Netherlands). The measurements were carried out using the screen-printed gold electrode (Metrohm, KM Utrecht, The Netherlands) comprised of a gold working electrode (4 mm in diameter, 0.126 cm2), a silver pseudo-reference electrode, and a gold counter electrode [27 (link)]. Scanning electron microscopic images were obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Quanta 400, FEI, Osaka, Japan). All experiments were carried out at room temperature (25 °C).
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