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89 protocols using Alcaine

The contact Rostock Cornea Module of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Dossenheim, Germany) was used to obtain confocal images of each representative corneal layer. Anesthetic eye drops of 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride (Alcaine, Alcon Laboratories, Fort Worth, TX, USA) and an ophthalmic gel medium (Vidisic eye gel, Bausch and Lomb, Berlin, Germany) were used to prepare eyes for the examination. This exam was the last one performed, after the ocular surface assessment and OCT, due to its invasive character. The central part of the cornea was assessed (3–4 mm diameter), the mean examination time was 5 min per eye, and the mean number of acquired images was 15 scans per eye. The examination was performed by one observer (J.K.L.) and the validation of the results was confirmed by the second observer (A.N.). All scans were analyzed and the representative scans presenting abnormalities were chosen.
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After one drop of topical anaesthetic agent (Alcaine, Alcon), cycloplegia process was performed by two drops of 1% cyclopentolate (Alcon) and one drop of Mydrin P (Santen, Japan), once every 5–8 minutes16 . To press the lacrimal sac for 3 min after each time, and wait for at least 30 min after three times until the pupillary reaction to light disappeared or only the weak light reflex remained. If the pupillary light reflex was still present or the pupil size was less than 6.0 mm, a third drop of cyclopentolate was instilled. Objective refraction (NIDEK Automated Refractor/Keratometer (ARK-1) , NIDEK, Japan) were completed to analyze the refractive status and corneal curvature of the participants under cycloplegic conditions11 (link). Multiplying the curvature by 0.3375 to calculate the corneal power. Measured two times, took the mean value of the results with confidence ≥ 8. RA is the cylindrical part of refractive error at the corneal plane. ACA is the difference in power between the steep and flat meridians. The NIDEK ARK-1 measured the radius of corneal curvature within 3 mm optical zone of the cornea by Placido ring principle.
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Axial length and cycloplegic refraction were examined annually for 3 years. LenStar LS900 (Haag-Streit Koeniz, Switzerland) was used to measure axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature and lens thickness. Five repeated measurements were taken and averaged. An autorefractor (HUVITZ, HRK-7000A, South Korea) was used to measure cycloplegic refraction. Each child was first administered one drop of topical anesthetic agent (Alcaine, Alcon) to alleviate discomfort, followed by 2 drops of 1% cyclopentolate (Alcon) and 1 drop of Mydrin P (Santen, Japan) at 5-minute intervals. 30 minutes after the last drop, a third drop of cyclopentolate was administrated if the pupillary light reflex was still present or the pupil size was less than 6.0 mm. Five repeated measurements of spherocylindrical autorefraction were taken and averaged.
Both cases and controls were asked to complete a questionnaire to collect possible myopia related factors including number of parents with myopia, frequency of doing eye exercises, time spent in near work, outdoor activities, etc. The design of the questionnaires used in the ACES has been described elsewhere2 (link).
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Six weeks old male Spraque-Dawley (SD) rats were injected with 130 mmHg isotonic saline solution (0.9% NaCl) into the right eye for 50 min under general
anesthesia. General anesthesia was induced and maintained by mask using 2–3% isoflurane (delivered in 100% oxygen). Topical 0.5% proparacaine hydrochloride
(Alcaine®, Alcon Laboratories Inc., Fort Worth, TX, USA) was applied for corneal anesthesia. No procedure was done on the contralateral eye (left
eye), served as a control. As a prevention against bleeding from iris, the pupils were dilated with topical 0.5% tropicamide (Mydriacyl®, Alcon). The
intraocular pressure (IOP) was raised to 130 mmHg by cannulation of the anterior chamber with a 30-gauge needle connected to a hydrostatic pressure device
containing sterile 0.9% NaCl (isotonic saline solution) for 50 min [27 (link)].
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After answering the STAI, patients were randomly assigned to two groups, both provided with an identical MP3 player and canal-type stereo earphones (see Figure 1). In the intervention group, binaural beats (Happiness Frequency 10 Hz Binaural Beats, Greenred Production) were utilized, while the control group had no audio. Earphones were positioned 10 min before the start of surgery.
The dilation regime was topical tropicamide 1% (Mydriacyl, Alcon, Puurs, Belgium) and phenylephrine hydrochloride 2.5% (Mydfrin, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, USA). Topical anaesthesia consisted of proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcaine, Alcon, Puurs, Belgium). All patients were also given non-preserved intracameral lidocaine hydrochloride 1% at the commencement of the surgery. No oral or intravenous sedation was used. Phacoemulsification was performed in the standard manner by a single surgeon blinded to allocation group. Immediately after the surgery, patients completed the VAS, followed by the STAI.
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Rabbits were anesthetized by an intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) before intrastromal injection. Topical anesthesia was provided using Alcaine (proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5%; Alcon, Fort Worth, TX). Under a surgical microscope, intrastromal injection of 0.1 mL of solution was performed by 30-gauge needle at three different sites in the paracentral corneal stroma. The animals were sacrificed 7 days after intrastromal injection by intravenous injection of a lethal dose of pentobarbital. The corneal buttons were harvested and examined by slit lamp microscopy, specular microscopy (SM), Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and cell viability test.
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All cataract surgeries were performed by the same experienced surgeon (M.H.K.), using phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Preoperative pupil dilation was performed with a combination of topical tropicamide 0.5% and phenylephrine 0.5% (Tropherine, Hanmi Pharm.) The anesthesia was performed using topical proparacaine hydrochloride 0.5% (Alcaine, Alcon) and 4% lidocaine. After 2.8-mm incision was made, intracameral 1% lidocaine was injected, followed by injection of 1% sodium hyaluronate (Healon, AMO, Los Angeles, California, USA) or 3% sodium hyaluronate plus 4% chondroitin sulfate (Viscoat, Alcon, Puurs, Belgium). The Tecnis ZCB00 1-piece IOL (Abbott Medical Optics Inc.), EnVista MX60 1-piece IOL (Bausch and Lomb Incorporated) and AcrySof IQ SN60WF 1-piece IOL (Alcon Inc.) were implanted following creation of a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and phacoemulsification.
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Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed, and Goldmann applanation tonometry was used to measure IOP. Cup-to-disc (C/D) ratio fundoscopy was performed using a Volk 78 or Volk 90 lens.
Schirmer's testing with topical anesthesia (5% proparacaine HCl, Alcaine®, Alcon Laboratories Inc., TX, USA) was first conducted. Then, an average TBUT was assessed following application of an unpreserved fluorescein strip soaked with unpreserved physiological salt (0.9%). Finally, ocular surface staining with unpreserved fluorescein (using the Oxford scale index) was done.
Levels of irritation were assessed using the McMonnies scale (Grade 0 to Grade 2) and questionnaire, where Grade 0 indicated no ocular irritation and Grade 2 was strong ocular irritation. The Ocular Surface Disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, comprising 12 questions across 3 subcategories, provided a measure of disease impact on quality of life. Average scores were translated to a 100-point scale, in which 0 represented the least possible impact on quality of life and 100 indicated the greatest impact.
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All surgical procedures were performed under local anesthesia: local instillations of 0.5% Alcaine (Alcon, Geneva, Switzerland) followed by retrobulbar injection of 2% lidocaine solution (Renewal, Novosibirsk, Russia). Total LSCD was performed as previously reported [36 (link)] by removing limbal and adjacent corneal and conjunctival tissues (2 mm outside limbus, 4 mm in width, and 0.2 mm in depth). The remaining epithelium was scraped off the corneal surface. Moxiflox eye drops (moxifloxacin 5 mg/mL C.O. Rompharm Company S.R.L., Otopeni, Romania) and dexamethasone (1 mg/mL Belmedpreparaty, Minsk, Belarus) were applied after surgery and were then administered 6 times a day for 4 weeks after surgery.
The fibrovascular pannus developed on the rabbit eye 30 days after surgery and was separated and removed from the corneal stroma. The tissue-engineered graft (TEG) was placed on the prepared corneal surface. The TEG was sutured to the episclera with the cells facing up so that its folds formed a roller on the periphery of the cornea to perform a barrier function between the conjunctival epithelium and the corneal graft.
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Mice at 7 to 8 weeks of age were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (5 mg/kg). The eyes received topical proparacaine hydrochloride (0.5%, Alcaine®, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX, US) for local analgesia. After saline rinses, the eyes were subjected to corneal injury.
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