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Penicillin

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Penicillin is a type of antibiotic used in laboratory settings. It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of bacteria. Penicillin functions by disrupting the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell death.

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24 825 protocols using penicillin

1

Cultivation of Various Cell Lines

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Human HT1080 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. HT1080 cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% (v/v) fetal bovine serum (FBS; Thermo Fisher Scientific), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific). RS4;11 cells were purchased from the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ) and cultured in α-MEM with ribo- and deoxyribonucleosides (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Jurkat T cells were provided by A. Rösen-Wolff and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Murine thymocytes were isolated as described below and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% (v/v) FBS (Thermo Fisher Scientific), penicillin (100 U/ml), and streptomycin (100 μg/ml) (Thermo Fisher Scientific). All cells were cultured in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere.
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2

Cell Culture Conditions for Cancer Cell Lines

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DLD-1 and COLO-205 were purchased at ATCC and regularly tested for mycoplasma infection. Cells were grown in RPMI-1640 Medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% (v/v) Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher), 100 Units/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher) and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher). HCT116 cells were grown in McCoy's 5A Medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% (v/v) Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher), 100 Units/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher) and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher). LoVo cells were grown in Kaighn's Modification of Ham's F-12 Medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% (v/v) Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher), 100 Units/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher) and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher). The cells were grown at 37 °C in the presence of 5% CO2. HEK293T cells and CCD841 cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (Sigma) supplemented with 10% (v/v) Fetal Bovine Serum (Gibco) and 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher) 100 Units/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher) and 100 mg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher. All the cells were grown at 37 °C in the presence of 5% CO2.
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3

Isogenic Tetraploid Cell Line Generation

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All breast cancer cell lines were authenticated by ATCC and used at early passage numbers. Isogenic tetraploid cell lines were generated as described6 (link). hTERT-RPE-1 were cultured in DME/F12 (HyClone) supplemented with 10% FBS (ThermoFisher) with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (ThermoFisher). HCT116, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-415, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-134-VI, MDA-MB-157, Hs578T, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361 cells were cultured in high glucose DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. ZR-75–30 and HCC1806 cells were cultured in RPMI (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. MCF10A cells were cultured in DME/F12 (HyClone) supplemented with 5% horse serum (ThermoFisher), 20ng/mL EGF (ThermoFisher), 500ng/mL hydrocortisone (ThermoFisher), 100ng/mL cholera toxin (Sigma), 10ug/ml insulin (ThermoFisher), with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. RPE-1, HCT116, and MCF10A 2N and 4N cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination and confirmed to be negative.
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4

Isogenic Tetraploid Cell Line Generation

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All breast cancer cell lines were authenticated by ATCC and used at early passage numbers. Isogenic tetraploid cell lines were generated as described6 (link). hTERT-RPE-1 were cultured in DME/F12 (HyClone) supplemented with 10% FBS (ThermoFisher) with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (ThermoFisher). HCT116, CAMA-1, MDA-MB-415, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-134-VI, MDA-MB-157, Hs578T, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361 cells were cultured in high glucose DMEM (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. ZR-75–30 and HCC1806 cells were cultured in RPMI (Gibco) supplemented with 10% FBS with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. MCF10A cells were cultured in DME/F12 (HyClone) supplemented with 5% horse serum (ThermoFisher), 20ng/mL EGF (ThermoFisher), 500ng/mL hydrocortisone (ThermoFisher), 100ng/mL cholera toxin (Sigma), 10ug/ml insulin (ThermoFisher), with 50 IU/mL penicillin and 50 μg/mL streptomycin. RPE-1, HCT116, and MCF10A 2N and 4N cell lines were tested for mycoplasma contamination and confirmed to be negative.
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5

Cell Culture Conditions for NSCLC Lines

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Human NSCLC H358, H1299, A549, H520, SK-MES-1, H1703 and normal human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were purchased from the China Infrastructure of Cell Line Resources. SK-MES-1 cells were cultured in Minimum Essential Medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gemini Bio Products), 10,000 U/ml penicillin and 10,000 μg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). H520 cells were cultured in DMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS (Gemini Bio Products), 10,000 U/ml penicillin and 10,000 μg/ml streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The other cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) supplemented with 10% FBS, 10,000 U/ml penicillin and 10,000 μg/ml streptomycin. BEAS-2B cells were cultured in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Medium (ScienCell Research Laboratories, Inc.) with 1% cell growth supplements (cat. no. 3962; ScienCell Research Laboratories, Inc.) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). All cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2.
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6

Biotin Labeling and Autophagy Flux Analysis

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HEK-293T cells (ATCC, CRL-3216), including all cell derivatives generated in this study, were cultured in DMEM (ThermoFisher, 11995065) supplemented with 10% FBS, 25 mM HEPES, 100U/ml penicillin, and 100μg/ml streptomycin (ThermoFisher, 15140163). Murine RAW 264.7 macrophages and murine B16F10 were gifts from Matthew Krummel (UCSF) and were cultured in DMEM (ThermoFisher, 11995065) supplemented with 10% FBS, 25 mM HEPES, penicillin, and streptomycin. Murine LLC1 cells were purchased from ATCC (CRL-1642) and were cultured in DMEM (ThermoFisher, 11995065) supplemented with 10% FBS, 25 mM HEPES, penicillin, and streptomycin. All cell lines were authenticated using STR profiling (IDEXX BioResearch) and routinely tested for mycoplasma contamination (Sigma, MP0025).
To induce biotin-labelling, HEK293T cells expressing myc-BirA* or myc-BirA*-LC3B were incubated with 50 μM biotin in DMEM with all supplements except FBS for 24h. Unless indicated, conditioned media and EV preparations were collected following 24h incubation in DMEM containing all supplements except FBS. For autophagy flux assays, cells were incubated with 50 μM chloroquine (Sigma, C6628) or 50 μM Bafilomycin A1 (Sigma, B1793) as indicated for 1 h prior to lysis. Treatment with 5μM GW4869 (Cayman, 13127) or vehicle (DMSO, Sigma) in serum free DMEM for 24h was used to inhibit nSMase activity.
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7

Cell Culture Conditions for Diverse Cell Lines

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HEK293T, HeLa, MCF7, and CHO cells were incubated at 37°C under 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (Nissui) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich), 2mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and antibiotics (100units/ml penicillin and 100μg/ml streptomyscin) (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Huh7 cells were incubated at 37°C under 5% CO2 in DMEM-high glucose (Wako) with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1×MEM NEAA (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 1mM sodium pyruvate and antibiotics (100units/ml penicillin and 100μg/ml streptomyscin). NIH3T3 cells were incubated at 37°C under 5% CO2 in DMEM-high glucose with 10% calf serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and antibiotics (100 units/mL penicillin and 100 μg/mL streptomycin).
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8

Cell Culture and Virus Propagation Methods

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Vero and VeroE6 (both African green monkey kidney origin) cells were grown at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) containing 2–10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Wisent Inc., St. Bruno, Canada), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), 50 U/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). BHK-T7 (baby hamster kidney) cells were grown at 37 °C and 5% CO2 in minimum essential medium (MEM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) containing 10% tryptose phosphate broth (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 2% FBS (Wisent), 2 mM L-glutamine (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 50 U/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells were grown at 32 °C and 5% CO2 in MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) containing 10% FBS (Wisent), non-essential amino acids solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 50 U/mL penicillin (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and 50 μg/mL streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The ZIKV used for challenge was the French Polynesian strain propagated on C6/36 cells47 . Mouse-adapted EBOV was used for the challenge study in CD1 mice62 (link). VSV-EBOV was used as a control vaccine30 (link). The VSV-EBOV-Andes virus vaccine was used as the control vaccine in the time to immunity study63 (link).
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9

Cell Culture Conditions and Protocols

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The HEK-293 (ATCC, CRL-1573) and HeLa (ATCC, CCL-2) cells were cultured in DMEM (4.5 g/L glucose, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 2 mM GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 10% FCS (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 100 U/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL of streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The PC12 Tet-Off cells (Clontech, 631134; PC12-TO) were maintained in DMEM medium (1 g/l glucose, Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 10% FCS, 5% horse serum (HS), 2 mM GlutaMAX, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (all Thermo Fisher Scientific). The osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells (ATCC, HTB-96) were cultured in McCoy’s 5A (Modified) Medium supplemented with GlutaMAX containing 10% FCS, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 µg/mL streptomycin (all Thermo Fisher Scientific). The PC12-TO cells were grown on surfaces coated with poly-l-lysine (PLL, Sigma-Aldrich) for the maintenance and experiments. For coating, the plates were incubated with PLL (0.02 mg/mL final concentration diluted in ddH2O) for 30 min at 37 °C, washed twice with ddH2O, and air-dried. The cells were cultured at 37 °C and 5% CO2.
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10

Cell Culture Conditions for Diverse Cell Lines

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HPRT-deficient CHO cells were cultured in complete DMEM/F12 media: DMEM/F12 (Biolot, Saint-Petersburg, Russia) supplemented with 10% FBS (HyClone, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-Glutamine (Thermo Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). HAC-containing CHO cells were grown in the same medium with the addition of 10 μg/mL blasticidin S (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Mouse iPSCs were cultured in mouse embryonic stem (MES) medium: knock-out DMEM media (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 15% FBS (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 1× non-essential amino acids NEAA (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), 50 μM beta-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), in-house produced leukemia inhibitor factor LIF (1:5000). Mouse fibroblasts and HEK-293T cells were grown in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) medium consisting of DMEM media, 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 mg/mL streptomycin, 2 mM L-Glutamine, and 0.25 μg/mL fungizone (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
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