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12 protocols using avaspec hs2048

1

Collimated Beam Spectroscopy Setup

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We used a xenon lamp (HPX2000, Ocean Optics) coupled through a fibre to a reflective collimator (RC08SMA-F01) as the light source in order to produce a collimated beam with a spot size of 5 mm. The same type of reflective collimator and fibre was used to couple the light to a spectrometer (AvaSpec-HS2048, Avantes) for detection. For normalization, a white diffuser was measured at 0° incidence with the detector at 5°. For further details, see [44 (link)].
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2

Spectral Measurement of Force-Loaded HPC Samples

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A force sensor attached HPC sample was used as described above. The setup was placed on top of an integrating sphere (Labsphere) with an opening diameter of 5 mm. The illumination port of the integrating sphere (at 15°) was coupled to a 600 μm optical fibre connected to a xenon lamp (HPX-2000, Ocean Optics). The detector port of the integrating sphere was connected to a reflective collimator mounted on the detector and coupled to an optic fibre connected to a spectrometer (AvaSpec-HS2048, Avantes). The light intensity was normalised with respect to a white diffuser. The spectral measurements were performed by collecting light over 1 s for each spectrum, and automated to record continuously on pressure loading.
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3

Angle-Resolved Spectroscopy of Optical Samples

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A customized optical microscope operating in dark-field (DF) mode was used for the micro-spectroscopic investigation of the fabricated samples. A halogen lamp was used as a light source using a 100 × objective (EC Epiplan-APOCHROMAT, Zeiss) with a numerical aperture of numerical aperture (NA)=0.95. The scattered light was collected in a confocal configuration using a 50-μm core optical fiber (Avantes, Leatherhead, Surrey, UK) and analyzed using a spectrometer (AvaSpec-HS2048, Avantes). The spatial resolution of the collected spectra was ~1 μm. Larger-area spectroscopic characterizations were performed using a 600-μm optical fiber, permitting a spatial resolution of ~25 μm. Furthermore, the angle-resolved scattering was measured using a home-built optical goniometric setup24 (link). Light from a deuterium-halogen lamp (DH-2000, Ocean Optics, Dunedin, FL, USA) was collimated to form a 1-mm-wide parallel incident beam that illuminated the sample at a fixed angle. The scattered light was detected at multiple angles with an angular resolution of 1° and coupled into an optical fiber connected to the spectrometer (QE65000 Ocean Optics). All spectra were referenced to a white Lambertian reflectance standard (Spectralon, ≈99% reflectance).
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4

Chiral Nematic Characterization via Polarized Spectroscopy

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The films were analyzed in reflection on a customized Zeiss Axio Microscope using a Halogen lamp (Zeiss HAL100) as a light source with Koehler illumination. The light reflected off the samples passes through a quarter wave plate and a polarizing filter, specifically oriented to let only left-circularly-polarized or right-circularly-polarized light pass before being split between a CCD camera (Thorlabs DCC3240C) and an optical fibre mounted in confocal configuration and connected to a spectrometer (AvaSpec-HS2048, Avantes). This set-up allowed for the spectral acquisition from specific areas in the sample; all the spectra were normalized to the reflection of a silver mirror in one polarisation channel, thus allowing for a theoretical 100% reflectivity for a perfectly chiral nematic sample in that specific channel. Dark-field images were acquired illuminating the samples from angles that are larger than the numerical aperture of the objective so that only scattered light can be collected.
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5

Steady-State Absorption Spectroscopy

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Steady-state absorption measurements were
performed in transmission on a Zeiss Axiovert inverted microscope
with a halogen white light source and a Zeiss EC Epiplan Apochromat
50× objective (numerical aperture (NA) = 0.95). The light transmitted
through the sample is coupled to a UV600 nm optical fiber connected
to a spectrometer (AvaspecHS2048, Avantes).
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6

Polarized Optical Microscopy of CNC Films

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Polarized optical microscopy (Zeiss Axio Scope A1) images of the CNC films were taken using a 20× objective (Zeiss EC Epiplan APOCHROMAT, NA = 0.3). The light reflected by the CNC and CNC–EC films passed through a quarter‐wave plate and an orientable linearly polarizing filter, which can together filter either the left‐ or the right‐circularly polarized light reflected by the sample (denoted LCP and RCP, respectively). A beamsplitter allowed the light to be directed at a CMOS camera (UI‐3580LE, IDS) and a fiber‐coupled spectrometer (Avantes AvaSpec HS2048), which collects light from a defined region of the microscope field of view. A 600 µm core optical fiber (Thorlabs FC‐UV600‐2‐SR) was used for measuring the reflectance from the films via a magnifying lens (Thorlabs AC254‐050‐A). As a result, spectra were acquired with a spot size of ≈100 µm. The spectra were normalized to the reflection from a silver mirror (Thorlabs PF10‐03‐P01) in one polarization channel (LCP), such that a perfectly aligned cholesteric sample would reflect 100% LCP intensity.
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7

Microspectroscopy of Individual Scales

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A customized Zeiss Axio microscope with a spot diameter of ≈25 μm in bright-field reflection and transmission mode with a halogen lamp in Koehler illumination was used for the microspectroscopic analysis of individual scales. Unpolarized light from the halogen lamp was illuminated via a 10× objective (EC Epiplan-Apochromat, Zeiss) with a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.3 for reflection measurement. A condenser with a NA of 0.25 was used for transmitted light. The transmitted and reflected light was collected with a spectrometer (AvaSpec-HS2048, Avantes) through a 200-μm core optical fiber (Avantes) mounted in confocal configuration. Absorption was then derived by applying A = 1 − R − T of the integrating sphere measurements.
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8

Monolayer WS2 Absorption Spectrum

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The absorption spectrum of monolayer
WS2 on the quartz substrate was measured with a Zeiss Axiovert
inverted microscope in transmission using a halogen white light source via Zeiss EC Epiplan Apochromat 50× objective (numerical
aperture (NA) = 0.95), forming a wide-field collection area diameter
of 10 μm. Light transmitted via the sample
was split with a beam splitter, with one component directed to a CCD
camera (DCC3240C, Thorlabs) and the other coupled to a UV 600 nm optical
fiber (200–800 nm spectral range) connected to a spectrometer
(Avaspec-HS2048, Avantes).
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9

Angle-Resolved Optical Spectroscopy of Thin Films

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The angle‐resolved optical response of the films was measured by optical spectroscopy on a custom goniometer setup. A broadband xenon lamp (HPX2000, Ocean Optics) was coupled to a reflective collimator (RC08SMA‐F01, Thorlabs) via a 100 µm optic fiber (FC‐UV100‐2, Avantes) and used to illuminate the sample with a spot diameter Ø ≈1 mm. The reflected light was collected using another collimator coupled to a UV–vis spectrometer (AvaSpec‐HS2048, Avantes) via a 1000 µm optic fiber (FC‐UV1000‐2, Avantes). The recorded light intensity was normalized to a white Lambertian diffuser and the exposure time was adjusted automatically using a high dynamic range method. Three goniometer measurement modes were used, as illustrated in Figure S18, Supporting Information. For specular measurements, the angles of illumination and collection (relative to the sample axis) were increased symmetrically about the sample axis, producing the scans shown in Figure S19, Supporting Information. For off‐specular measurements, the sample was illuminated at a fixed angle of 30° to the sample axis while the collection angle was varied, producing the scans shown in Figure S20, Supporting Information. For Supplementary Videos 1‐3, the respective blue, green and red bilayer films were rotated while the illumination and collection angles were kept fixed.
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10

Angular Resolved Spectroscopy of Bacterial Samples

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Angular resolved spectra were taken using a custom-built goniometer set-up [29 (link)]. Samples were prepared by cutting out a piece of roughly 1 cm2 out of the agar. This piece was subsequently attached to a microscope slide with double-sided tape. The slide containing the bacteria on agar was then mounted on a rotating stage, and illuminated using light in the UV–VIS region (Ocean Optics HPX-2000 xenon lamp) that was collimated through an optical fibre that was attached to a reflective collimator (Thorlabs RC08SMA-F01). This resulted in an illuminating light beam with a spot size of 5 mm diameter. The angle of incidence of this light could be varied by rotating the sample. Light that was reflected and scattered from the sample was collected using the same fibre–collimator combination as used for the incident beam. The fibre was subsequently connected to a spectrometer (AvaSpec-HS2048, Avantes). The detection fibre and collimator were mounted on a rotating arm so that the angle of detection could be varied. At the detection angle, which equals the negative of the incident angle, no signal was collected due to a limitation in the set-up. All the spectra reported here were normalized against a white diffuser (labsphere SRS-99-010) at 0° incident and 5° collection angle.
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