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6 protocols using Synthetic air

We dissolved propofol (97%, Sigma Aldrich, Munich, Germany) in HPLC-grade water (VWR, Darmstadt, Germany) to a 50 µg/mL propofol stock solution. The stock solution was gravimetrically diluted in 50 mL flasks to 5, 10, 20, and 50 µg/mL samples. 2 µL from each standard or HPLC-grade water for blanks, respectively, was directly pipetted onto Tenax sorbent tubes as quadruplicate per sample. The mass of each injection was determined on a Cubis analytical scale (Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany) to determine the exact amount of propofol injected in ng. The resulting samples contained final propofol masses of 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng. For an even distribution of propofol, each tube was flushed after injection for 30 seconds with 1 bar of 99.999% pure synthetic air (Air Liquide, Düsseldorf, Germany) (20.5% O2 purity [4.5], 79.5 % N2 purity [5.0]). To test whether propofol is lost during loading, a second Tenax sorption tube was used to investigate the synthetic air exiting the end of the loaded tube. We calibrated on the day of shipment and immediately after their return, with eight calibration standards (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 100 ng) prepared on the day of calibration, which were pipetted as stated above.
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For surgery, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane (induction dose 5%, maintenance dose 2% v/v) in synthetic air (Air Liquide, Düsseldorf, Germany). Self-constructed, Y-shaped, concentric dialysis probes with a molecular weight cut-off of 10 kDa were stereotaxically implanted into the hypothalamus with the following coordinates (from bregma): AP − 1.5 mm, L + 0.5 mm, DV − 3.8 mm according to [17 ]. Glass ionomer eluting cement (PermaCem Smartmix Dual, Dental Milestone, Hamburg, Germany) was used to fix the probe on the skull (for further details, see [18 (link)]). Probes were implanted at least 18 h before each experiment to allow recovery to stabilize [19 (link)]. Microdialysis was performed on the next day with a perfusion fluid (aCSF) containing 147 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 1.2 mM CaCl2 and 1.2 mM MgCl2. The perfusion rate of the microinjection pump was 2 µL/min. The collection intervals were 15 min. Data are given as absolute levels not adjusted for probe recovery.
Glucose and lactate concentrations in microdialysates were determined by a colorimetric method (530 nm) using an ISCUSflex Microdialysis Analyzer (M dialysis AB, Solna, Sweden).
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All
chemicals for the catalytic
synthesis of FDCA were of analytical grade and have been used without
further purification: HMF, FDCA (Sigma-Aldrich), HFCA, NaOH, sucrose
(Merck), 5-formyl-2-furoic acid, 2,5-diformylfurane (TCI Chemicals), d(−)-fructose, d(+)-glucose (VWR Chemicals),
HAuCl4·3H2O, H2SO4, ZrO2 1/8 in. pellets (Alfa Aesar) and synthetic air
(Air Liquide). All solvents applied in the multicomponent polymerization
of FDCA were used in HPLC grade. The following chemicals were used
as received: 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA, OXCHEM, >95%), 1,10-diaminodecane
(TCI, >98.0%), isobutyraldehyde (≥99%, Sigma-Aldrich), tert-butyl isocyanide (Sigma-Aldrich, 98%), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF4, Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.0%).
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Phenol (99.5%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) was used as the pollutant in the photocatalytic degradation tests. Synthetic air (20.5 ± 0.5 vol% O2, Air Liquide, Berlin, Germany) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30 wt%, Fisher Chemical, Schwerte, Germany) were used as the oxygen sources. For the immobilization of the photocatalysts onto the steel plates, a silica binder prepared from tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich, Schnelldorf, Germany), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), 1-propanol (99.5%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), 2-propanol (HPLC, VWR Chemicals, Dresden, Germany), and Levasil (Obermeier, Bad Berleburg, Germany) was used. As eluents in the HPLC analysis, acetonitrile (ACN, HPLC, VWR Chemicals, Dresden, Germany) and ultrapure water (Synergy UV system, Burlington, MA, USA) were used. As commercial titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts, P25 (99.5%, Evonik, Essen, Germany), P90 (100%, Evonik, Essen, Germany), PC105 (100%, Millenium/Cristal ACTivTM, Thann, France), and PC500 (100%, Millenium/Cristal ACTivTM, Thann, France) were investigated. All photocatalysts have been extensively characterized in our previous publications and the main characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
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Clofibric acid, 4-chlorophenol and 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid, formic acid and acetonitrile were purchased from Fluka. Ultrapure grade water (milli-Q water) was obtained by filtration of deionized water with a Millipore system. Synthetic air (80 % nitrogen and 20 % oxygen), used in the plasma experiments, was obtained from Air Liquide, with specified impurities of H 2 O (<3 ppm) and of C n H m (<0.5 ppm).
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Pyridine (99%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar. Collidine (99%) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. All chemicals were used as supplied. Several ZSM5 samples with various SAR (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ) values of 23, 30, 50, 80 and 300 were purchased from Alfa Aesar in the NH 4 + form. Zeolite samples were calcined in a furnace with synthetic air (100 cm 3 min -1 , Air Liquide) at 773 K for 4 h to convert from the NH 4 + to the H + form, termed HZSM5. Heating and cooling were carried out at 5 K min -1 . Samples were named according to their SAR, as supplied by Alfa Aesar, and denoted as HZSM5 (SAR). The surface area of these samples is in the range 400 -425 m 2 g -1 , as stated by Alfa Aesar. Additionally, Sand (SiO 2 , 50 -70 mesh particle size) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich.
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