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343 protocols using statistical package for the social sciences version 22

1

Statistical Analysis of Social Sciences

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Date were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22, SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA. The mean was compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. The proportion for the two groups was compared using the x2-test, p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
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Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Predictors

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Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22 software package. Data were reported as mean ± standard deviation or number and percentage. P≤0.05 was considered significant. Normaly distributed continuous variables were assessed using independent Samples t-tests. Non-normally distributed metric variables were analysed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman’s correlation was used to evaluate the associations of GDM with the variables of interest (WC, prepegnancy and gestational, BMI, WG). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the likelihood of the prediction of GDM for WC, and prepegnancy and gestational BMI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to calculate the sensitivity and specificity for different measures of prepegnancy and gestational BMI and WC in predicting GDM.
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Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Student Learning Plans

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Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the student population and academic performance. The learning plans were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative analysis. Likert scales were characterized as ordinal scales and summarized using descriptive statistics. Students answering “don’t know” to any question were excluded from calculations of the mean and standard deviation. Qualitative data of free text comments within the learning plans were analyzed using content analysis. ATLAS.ti version 7 (Berlin, Germany) was used to assist content analysis. Codes for common themes were generated, and through a series of iterations, common themes were identified. A paired samples t-test was used to compare academic goals, that is, target scores, typical scores, and actual scores. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analysis.
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Adaptation Magnitude and Autistic Traits

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Analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). For each task, the main group effects of adaptation were analysed using repeated-measures 2 × 3 analysis of variance (ANOVA) with factors of: phase (baseline, top-up) and task (eye-gaze direction, head direction, chair direction). In Experiment 2 a between-subjects factor of group (ASD, NT) was added to the ANOVA. Independent samples t-tests were used to compare differences in adaptation magnitude where a significant interaction with group was identified in Experiment 2. All statistical tests are reported at a 2-tailed level of significance unless otherwise stated. Wherever the relationship between adaptation magnitudes was examined as an a priori hypothesised negative predictor of autistic traits/sensory sensitivity (Experiment 1) or ASD symptoms/sensory sensitivity (Experiment 2) bivariate correlations were conducted in line with our hypotheses (1-tailed). Steiger’s Z-test for correlated correlations was also used to investigate whether correlation coefficients for each task were statistically significantly different to one another (Steiger, 1980 ). Stieger’s Z test compares the equality of two correlation coefficients that share one variable in common while accounting for the correlation between the unshared variables.
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5

Examining Voice Disorder Risk Factors

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The chi-squared test of goodness of fit was applied to investigate the differences in responses between the teachers with VDI ≤ 7 and those with VDI > 7 with regard to risk factors related to general health, voice use, lifestyle, and environment, as well as, occupational effects of voice disorders and vocal hygiene education. The significance level was appointed to 0.05 throughout. An adjusted residual analysis was further employed to identify groups for voice risk factors, occupational consequences and vocal hygiene education that were responsible for the significant chi-square statistic [18 , 19 (link)]. A residual value greater than 1.96 or lower than -1.96 indicated that the group made a significant contribution to the chi-square statistic for a voice risk factor, occupational consequence, etc. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, Version 22 (SPSS Inc.) was used for all statistical analyses.
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6

Statistical Analysis of Disease Severity

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Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical variables were expressed as numbers (percentages). For comparison, independent Student’s t‐test and the χ2‐test were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Binomial logistic regression was performed to assess the association between disease severity and study parameters. All statistical tests were two‐sided, and a P‐value < 0·05 was considered statistically significant. The analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences® version 22.
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7

Thyroid Nodules: Risk Factors Analysis

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Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22 (SPSS Inc., Illinois, USA). Percentage and counts were used to report categorical data. Continuous data were described using mean and standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range (IR) if the data did not follow a normal distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine whether the data were normally distributed. The chi-square test and unpaired t-test were used to assess the significance of the proportions or mean differences among individuals with or without TNs, respectively. Odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using binary logistic regression analyses, in order to determine associations of TNs with BMI and VFA. Twelve probable risk factors, that is, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG, FBG, UA, DBP, SDP, high salt intake and smoking status, age and gender were considered using adjusted logistic regression models. Subgroups analyses were performed using VFA and BMI as categorical variables and dividing the participants by four probable risk factors: gender, age (< 50 or ≥ 50 years), FBG (< 6.1 or ≥ 6.1 mmol/L), and TG (< 1.7 or ≥ 1.7 mmol/L). P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Forest plots were drawn using R software, version 3.6.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
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8

Assessing Quality of Life in Lymphoma Survivors

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Analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22 (SPSS), Chicago, IL, USA and two-sided p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between respondents, non-respondents and cancer survivors with unverifiable addresses and between the three age groups (AYA, adults, elderly) were compared using chi-square and analysis of variance (ANOVA), where appropriate.
ANOVAs were performed to investigate mean differences between the age categories of lymphoma survivors (independent variable) and the IOCv2 total and subscale scores (dependent variables). To counteract the problem of multiple comparisons (type-1 error), Bonferroni correction was used (p < 0.001).
Multiple linear regression analyses were used to compare AYA lymphoma survivor characteristics (independent variables) and the mean IOCv2 summary and subscale scores (dependent variables).
Additionally, multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the independent association between IOCv2 total and subscales, and the HRQoL subscales for the AYA sample. All demographic and clinical variables were included as confounders; this was determined a priori based on hypotheses.
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9

Statistical Analyses of Longitudinal Data

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Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 22, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Prior to analyses, data were assessed for normality, homogeneity of variance, and sphericity. We performed linear mixed model statistical analyses to examine changes in dependent variables across time. When a significant main effect of time was observed, post-hoc comparisons between time points were made using paired t-tests. For parameters with non-normal distributions in this sample (sTfr, peak heart rate, normalized peak oxygen uptake), we performed Friedman’s test followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank post-hoc comparisons when appropriate. For all analyses, statistical significance was accepted when p ≤ 0.05 and trends were noted when 0.05 < p < 0.10. Data are presented throughout the paper as mean ± SD.
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10

Investigating Perpetrator Brain-Behavior Associations

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As an exploratory aim, we conducted Partial Pearson correlations to examine the relationship between the specific resting-state functional connectivity of male perpetrators and the executive and socioemotional processes. Before performing the correlation analyses, we first extracted the mean value of each seed’s total functional connectivity (network) separately (i.e. the mean value of the connectivity network of the right PI seed). For that, we created a mask containing the total significant between-group functional connectivity differences of each seed.
Second, those behavioral variables that did not follow normal distribution, were normalized using the adequate formula in each case. More concretely, Distorted Thoughts about Women (IPDM) and the Use of Violence (IPDV) were normalized by applying the Napierian logarithm and cognitive reappraisal variable was normalized by squaring the original value.
Third, Partial Pearson correlations were performed between each seed’s rsFC networks and the executive functions and the socio-emotional variables, controlling for age and drug severity. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 22 (SPSS; Chicago, IL, USA) was used for these analyses based on a threshold at p < 0.05 and Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was performed.
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