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12 protocols using carbon dioxide

1

Polyurethane Prepolymer for Gas Permeation

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The poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)-based polyurethane prepolymer (PUR) containing three isocyanate terminal groups with an average molecular weight (MW) of 3500 g/mol was supplied by Fabrires—Produtos Químicos S.A., Lisbon, Portugal. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) (purity ≥ 99.8%) and methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD, MW = 1303.3 g/mol) were provided by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Congo red (CR) (purity > 98.0%) was provided by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan and dimethylformamide (DMF) (p.a. grade, 99.8%) provided by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain) was used as a solvent. Gas permeation experiments and gas solubility measurements were carried out using carbon dioxide (purity ≥ 99.98%) and oxygen (purity ≥ 99.5%), all supplied by Air Liquide (Lisbon, Portugal).
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2

Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Compounds

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Carbon dioxide (99.9% non-liquid purity phase) was purchased from Air Liquide©. Acidic acid and formaldehyde were purchased from Merck©. Ketorolac and glibenclamide were obtained from EMS Sigma Pharma©. Naloxone and morphine were purchased from Cristália© and indomethacin was obtained from Sigma©.
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3

Platinum Recovery from Slumgum in Poland

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The “Miodek” Apiary Farm in Lublin (Poland) was the manufacturer of the starting material (slumgum (RS)) [35 (link)].
The following reagents were used throughout all the work: potassium tetrachloroplatinate(II) (>99%), potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV) (>99%), hydrochloric acid (35%, Suprapur), sodium hydroxide (>90%), thiourea (≥99.0%) orthophosphoric acid (85%, p. a.) and standard solution of platinum (1000 mg L−1) obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), European Reference Material ERM®-EB504a from BAM. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen (>99%) were obtained from Air Liquide (Kraków, Poland). Double-distilled Milli-Q water from Millipore (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was also used.
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4

Cobaltocene Precursor Synthesis

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All chemicals (reagent or higher
grade) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Merck, VWR, or Fisher Scientific
and were used as received. The cobaltocene precursor was purchased
from MCAT. Carbon dioxide (≥99.9%) was from Air Liquide. Distilled
water was obtained using a Millipore water purification system.
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5

Diesel Exhaust Aftertreatment with Pt/Al2O3 and PtPd/Al2O3 DOCs

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Pt/Al2O3 and PtPd/Al2O3 washcoated honeycomb commercial DOCs (300 cpsi) for the aftertreatment of heavy-duty diesel engines were used in this study. Pt:Pd ratios of the DOCs are given . DOCs were named after their Pt:Pd ratio (w/w). The monometallic Pt DOC was named as PtPd1:0. Bimetallic DOCs with Pt:Pd ratio of 3:1 (w/w) and 2:1 (w/w) were named as PtPd3:1 and PtPd2:1, respectively. Bimetallic DOC with approximately 15% lower total PGM loading and Pt:Pd ratio of 2:1 (w/w) was named as PtPd2:1L. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen (99.998%) were purchased from Air Liquide. Water was deionized before usage (18 mΩ). CO (10%, balance N2) gas was purchased from Messer. C3H6 (49%, balance He) and NO (2%, balance N2) gases were purchased from Elite Gaz.
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6

Synthesis of Fluorinated Polymer Composites

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Vinylidene fluoride (VDF, Dyneon GmbH, Burgkirchen a.d.Alz, Germany, 99.5%), styrene (S, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany, 99.5%), methyl methacrylate (MMA, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany, 99%), di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, 98%), 1-iodoperfluorohexane (ABCR, Karlsruhe, Germany, 99%), 1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane (Dyneon GmbH, Burgkirchen a.d.Alz, Germany), dimanganese decacarbonyl (Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany, 98%), methanol (95%), hydrochloric acid (37%), N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc, Acros, Geel, Belgium, 99%), ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (Dyneon, GmbH, Burgkirchen a.d.Alz, Germany), ammonium peroxydisulfate (Fluka, Honeywell, Hannover, Germany, ≥98.0%), carbon dioxide (Air Liquide, Paris, France, 99.8%), N,N-dimethylformamide-d7 (Deutero GmbH, Kastellaun, Germany, 99.5%), and acetone-d6 (Deutero GmbH, Kastellaun, Germany, 99.8%) were used as received.
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7

Polyurethane Membrane Synthesis and Characterization

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Two prepolymers were used for the synthesis of the polyurethane membranes: (i) a poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) based polyurethane prepolymer with three isocyanate terminal groups (PUR), supplied by Fabrires-Produtos Químicos S.A. (Lisbon, Portugal) and (ii) a polycaprolactone diol prepolymer (PCL-diol), supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Lisbon, Portugal) with a stated molecular weight of 530 Da. The solvents used were dimethylformamide (DMF) (p.a. grade, 99.8%) and diethyl ether (DEE) (p.a. grade, 99.5%) provided by Panreac (Barcelona, Spain). The catalyst used was Tin(II) 2-etilhexanoate (p.a. grade, 95%) provided by Sigma-Aldrich (Lisbon, Portugal).
Gas permeation experiments and gas solubility measurements were carried out using nitrogen (purity ≥ 99.999%), carbon dioxide (purity ≥ 99.98%) and oxygen (purity ≥ 99.5%), all supplied by Air Liquide (Lisbon, Portugal).
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8

Synthesis of Polycrystalline Copper Powders

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The polycrystalline Cu powder (−625 mesh, APS 0.50–1.5 micron, 99% metal basis) is purchased from Alfa Aesar. Cu foil (0.1 mm thick, 99.9999% metal basis) is purchased from Alfa Aesar. Potassium carbonate (99.997% trace metals basis) is purchased from Alfa Aesar. Chelex 100 sodium form is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Isopropanol (99.999% trace metal basis) is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Dimethyl sulfoxide (≥99.9%) is purchased from Alfa Aesar. Deuterium oxide (99.9 atom% D) is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Nafion solution (5 wt%) is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Phosphoric acid (ACS reagent, ≥85 wt% in H2O) is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Graphite rod (99.995% trace metals basis) is purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Sigracet 39 BC carbon fiber paper is purchased from Fuel Cell Store. Carbon Dioxide (99.999%), oxygen (99.999%), and argon (99.999%) are purchased from Air Liquide. All electrolyte solutions are prepared using Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm).
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9

Optimized Luminescence Assay Protocol

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The following equipment and materials have been used in this study: carbon dioxide (Air Liquide, Liège, Belgium); helium (Air Products, Brussels, Belgium); acetonitrile (Biosolve, Valkenswaard, Netherlands); luminometer Orion II (BRS, Drogenbos, Belgium); adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM), DMEM without red phenol, and fetal bovine serum and trypsin (Fisher Bioblock Scientific, Tournai, Belgium); Focus gas chromatograph and Polaris Q mass spectrometer (Interscience, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium); charcoal, dextran, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, 17β-estradiol, HCB, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, nonane, PCB 80 13C, PCB 138 (2,2′,3,4,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl), PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl), and PCB 180 (2,2′,3,4,4′,5,5′-heptachlorobiphenyl) (Sigma-Aldrich, Bornem, Belgium); D-luciferin (potassium salt) (Synchem OHG, Kassel, Germany); HT8 column (VWR, Leuven, Belgium).
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10

Copper Acetylacetonate Electrochemistry

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Copper acetyl acetone (99.9%), triton X-100 (99.0%), ammonium carbonate, deuterium oxide (99.9% purity), NaOH, and Nafion (5 wt%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; sodium bicarbonate (ACS grade), potassium bicarbonate, acetone (99.9%) and dimethyl sulfoxide (99.9%) were purchased from Merck. Nitrogen (99.9%) and carbon dioxide (>99.9%) gases were purchased from Air Liquide, Melbourne, Australia. High purity water obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system was used for all the aqueous sample preparations.
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