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14 protocols using dr6000 spectrophotometer

1

Chromium(VI) Quantification in Water

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The pH values were determined by a pH meter (Mettler Toledo Instruments Co., Ltd., Greifensee, Switzerland). Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
A stock solution of 1000 mg/L Cr(VI) was obtained from Guobiao Testing and Certification Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) derived from potassium dichromate.
The concentration of Cr(VI) was measured using a ChromaVer® 3 Reagent Powder Pillow to produce a colorimetric response, which was measured using a HACH DR6000 spectrophotometer (HACH, Loveland, CO, USA) at 540 nm.
All experiments were conducted using deionized water (Milli-Q, Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).
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2

Photocatalytic Membranes for Dye Degradation

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Photocatalytic properties of the membranes were evaluated on the degree of methylene blue degradation (0.1% v/v, Science Company) under the UV and visible light. Polyamide membranes unmodified and modified with two-component TiO2 + AgO coatings were placed in Petri dishes. A 20 cm3 volume was applied to their surface. Both UV-A lamp and daylight were used to study the effect of the type of UV radiation on the photocatalytic properties. After 8, 24, 48 and 72 h of UV and visible light irradiation, spectrophotometric measurements were made at 665 nm using a Hach DR 6000 spectrophotometer (Hach Company, Loveland, CO, USA). The tests were repeated three times for each tested sample. In order to investigate the effect of doping TiO2 coatings with AgO on the photocatalytic properties in visible light, one-component coatings were also tested according to the same methodology.
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3

Methylene Blue Adsorption Kinetics

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In this study, MB was used as the adsorbate. The determined concentration of MB was placed in a 250-mL beaker and the prepared OPTAC was added to the beaker. Stirring was maintained at a stirring speed of 300 rpm and a temperature of 30 °C. A fixed volume of MB solution was collected at the determined contact time interval during each adsorption experiment to evaluate the amount of MB removed. The absorbance measurement of MB solution was conducted using a HACH DR6000 spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 662 nm. Equation (2) was used to calculate the MB removal percentage: MB Removal %=CoCiCo
where C0 and Ci (mg/L) are the initial concentration and concentration at time t, respectively.
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4

Rock Leachate Characterization

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Rock leachates were produced by adding 20 ml of sterile anoxic water to 10 g powdered core subsamples, incubating with a gentle stirring for 1 h at room temperature followed by centrifugation for 1 min at 10,000 rpm. The concentrations of inorganic anions and small molecular weight organic acids in the rock leachates were analysed by ion chromatography (Parro et al., 2011 (link)). The pH of the water solutions was measured with an inoLab pH metre WTW (GmbH, Germany) after 24 h of solution stabilization. Fe2+ and Fe3+ were determined using the Reflectoquant test (Merk Millipore, Spain), and NH4+ using a DR6000 spectrophotometer and the reaction kit LCK304 (HACH, USA) following the manufacturer's instructions. Total protein and sugar content were determined as follows: 1 g of sample (powder) was subjected to 3 × 1 min ultrasonic cycles in 2 ml of distilled water with 1–2 min stops by using a sonicator (Dr. Hielscher 50W DRH‐UP50H sonicator, Hielscher Ultrasonics, Germany). Samples were centrifuged at 2000g to sediment the mineral particles, and the supernatants were directly assayed for protein concentration using the bicinchonitic acid protein assay reagent (Pierce, USA) (Smith et al., 1985 (link)) and sugar content as described by Dubois et al. (1956 ), respectively. A NanoDropp (NanoDrop Int., USA) instrument was used for spectrophotometric measurements.
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5

Comprehensive Environmental Monitoring Protocol

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The main parameters of the aqueous samples, i.e., MWW, CPW, and CO2-bubbled effluent, were measured at the ISO/IEC 17025:2017
accredited laboratory (Magalies Water Services, Brits, North West,
South Africa). Specifically, the pH, temperature, and EC were measured
using an HQ40d Portable Meter (Hach Company). The DR6000 spectrophotometer
(Hach Company) was used to measure COD, orthophosphate, nitrate, and
ammonia in MWW (highly concentrated sample), and the Gallery Plus
Discrete Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used to measure the
same parameters in the produced effluents (less concentrated samples).
Metals in these effluents were measured by inductively coupled plasma
optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) (Agilent 5110 ICP-OES using
the Vertical Dual View configuration and the SPS 4 Auto sampler).
To assess biological contamination, the total plate count (TPC), the
total coliforms, andEscherichia coli (E. coli), were measured; the latter
two were measured using the U.S. EPA-approved Colilert test (Idexx
Laboratories).
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6

Physicochemical Characteristics Influencing HCoV Decay

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The physicochemical characteristics of water and wastewater plays an indispensable role in HCoVs decay, since it has been suggested that the inactivation HCoVs has a close relationship with temperature, total organic matter, and hostile bacteria presence in water (Gundy et al., 2008 ). For this reason, the main parameters of the collected aqueous samples were measured following standard methods at Magalies Water Services Laboratory (ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accredited) in Brits, North West, South Africa. Specifically, the pH, temperature, and EC were measured using an HQ40d Portable Meter (Hach Company - US). The DR6000 spectrophotometer (Hach Company - US) was used to measure COD, orthophosphate, nitrate, and ammonia content in sewage water (highly concentrated samples) and the Gallery™ Plus Discrete Analyzer (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. - US) was used to measure the same parameters in surface and potable water (less concentrated samples). Finally, free chlorine was measured using the DR900 colorimeter (Hach Company - US).
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7

Wastewater Characterization and Analysis

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Wastewater after washing process was analyzed using Hach sets; proceeded exactly according to the enclosed instructions. For analyzing phosphorus, ammonia, pH, conductivity was evaluated using a portable Hach SL1000 parallel analyzer, and cuvette tests for nitrate, calcium, magnesium, water hardness, and COD were evaluated using a DR6000 spectrophotometer.
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8

Wastewater Characterization at WWTP

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Wastewater samples were collected five times from 19 September to 17 October, 2012, from three different points in the plant: at the inflow to the biological treatment (i.e., IN-BIO samples), at the outflow from sand filtration (i.e., OUT-BIO samples), and at the outflow from disinfection (i.e., OUT-DIS samples) (Fig. 1). All of the samples were collected in sterile dark bottles, taken to the laboratory in refrigerated bags within 4 h, and immediately processed.
Sodium thiosulphate was added to the WWTP effluent at the concentration required to reach a neutral pH to quench the residual peracetic acid (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2012). The physicochemical characteristics of the samples were determined by measuring both the total suspended solids (TSS) using the APAT IRSA CNR method (HACH Lange, Lainate, Milan, Italy) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) using specific analytical kits for organic pollutants (HACH) and following the manufacturer's specifications.
The absorbance for aromatic and unsaturated compounds was determined at 254 nm (OD 254 ) by the DR 6000 spectrophotometer (HACH). All of these analyses were performed following the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater of the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association, and the Water Environment Federation (Rice et al., 2012) .
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9

Quantification of Landfill Leachate Contaminants

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The ammoniacal nitrogen (Nessler method) and COD (reactor digestion method) were determined by HACH DR 6000 spectrophotometer. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmer Elan 6100) was applied for determination of the heavy metals in this work. The ICP-MS was operated using argon gas as carrier gas with gas flow of 0.435 L/min. The landfill leachate wastewater before and after treatment were filtered using 0.2 µm membrane and acidified to pH 2 with HNO3 for metal analysis.
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10

Sludge Characterization and Methane Analysis

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The pH was measured using a pH meter (Mettler Toledo S210, Mettler Toledo, Zurich, Switzerland). TS (total solids) and VS (volatile or organic solids) were determined by the gravimetric method. The sludge was dried in an oven at 105 °C for 24 h, placed in a muffle furnace and burned at 550 °C for 2 h, and the corresponding weight loss was used to calculate the TS and VS [30 (link)]. We used NaOH solution to absorb CO2 in gas production and the content of methane was calculated according to the volume of NaOH solution discharged. The sludge was centrifuged at 10,000 r/min for 20 min. The supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm mixed-fiber membrane, and the filtrate was used for the subsequent measurement of dissolved organic matter. The SCOD (Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand) was measured using a HACH COD rapid analyzer, DRB200 digester, and DR6000 spectrophotometer; the alkalinity (ALK) content was measured using acid-based indicator titration; the TAN (Total Ammonium Nitrogen) content was determined by the nanoreagent method; and the VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids) content was quantified using colorimetry [18 ]. HACH DR6000 spectrophotometers were used for the measurements. The basic characteristics of the sludge are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
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