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5 protocols using Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP,

Sodium taurocholate (>97%), monosodium dihydrogen phosphate (100%), ammonium formate (>99.995%), formic acid (98–100%), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH, >85%), hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, analytical grade), acetic acid (>99.7%), cholesterol (>99%), chloroform (99.5%), fenofibrate, and chitosan (from crab shells, practical grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, Dorset, UK. Lecithin S PC (phosphatidylcholine from soybean, 98%) was supplied by Lipoid, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Sodium oleate (technical grade) was obtained from BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, England. Monoglyceride (glyceryl mono-oleate, >92% monoester, and 88% oleic acid) was supplied by CRODA. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Plasdone TM K-12 and Plasdone TM K-29/32) were from Ashland, Singapore. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HMPC, Hypromellose) (Methocel E3 and E50 premium LV) were obtained from Colorcon Ltd., Kent, UK. Mannitol (pharmaceutical grade) was obtained from Blackburn Distributions, Nelson, UK. All water used was ultrapure Milli-Q. Methanol and acetonitrile was purchased from VWR Prolabo Chemicals, Poole, UK.
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Gantrez® S-97 (Mw = 1,500.000), a copolymer of methylvinylether and maleic acid polymers, was provided by Ashland (Surrey, UK). Poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG, Mw = 10,000), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, Mw = 9000–10,000, 80% hydrolyzed) and Methylene blue were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Dorset, UK). The isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC-dextran 70, Mw = 63,000−77,000) was obtained from TdB Consultancy AB (Uppsala, Sweden) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 58,000) was obtained from Ashland (Surrey, UK). Parafilm® M, a flexible thermoplastic sheet (127 μm thickness) made of olefin-type material was obtained from Brand GMBH (Wertheim, Germany).
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Doxycycline hyclate (DOX) (purity, ≥98%) of analytical grade was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK). Acetic acid, chitosan (low-molecular-weight: 50–190 kDa), dichloromethane (DCM), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (31–50 kDa), PVA (9–10 kDa), poly (Ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) (45 kDa) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK). Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) 40–75 kDa) was purchased from Lakeshore Biomaterials (Birmingham, AL). Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) PVP (58 kDa) was provided by Ashland (Kidderminster, UK). Ultrapure water was obtained from a water purification system (Elga PURELAB DV 25, Veolia Water Systems, Dublin, Ireland). All other reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from standard commercial suppliers.
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4

Synthesis and Characterization of Long-Acting Antiretroviral Formulations

RPV free-base powder and RPV LA NS (RPV LA 300 mg/mL) were supplied by Janssen Pharmaceutica (Beerse, Belgium). CAB free acid and CAB LA NS (CAB LA 200 mg/mL) were supplied by ViiV Healthcare Ltd. (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 9–10 kDa (80% hydrolysed), PVA 31–50 kDa, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (> 99%), and D-mannitol (> 98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, Dorset, United Kingdom). Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) 58 kDa, PVP 360 kDa, were provided by Ashland (Kidderminster, United Kingdom). Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol bidistilled, AnalaR NORMAPUR® analytical reagent (99.5%) were purchased from VWR International (Leicestershire, United Kingdom). Pluronic® F-108 (PF108) was purchased from BASF SE (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Poly(lactic acid) Silver Metallic (9088) was supplied by Ultimaker (Geldemalsen, Netherlands). Acetonitrile LiChrosolv® hypergrade was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure water was obtained from a water purification system, the Elga PURELAB DV-25, from Veolia Water Systems (Celbridge, Ireland). All other chemicals were of analytical reagent grade and purchased from standard industrial suppliers.
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Ovalbumin (OVA), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (31-50 kDa), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) (12-23 kDa), (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dichloromethane (DCM) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Basingstoke, UK). Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) (58 kDa) was obtained from Ashland (Kidderminster, UK). Poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA 5002A, 50:50 copolymer ratio, MW 17 kDa) was supplied by Corbion Biomedical, UK. Trehalose dihydrate and mannitol (purity, 99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Lancashire, UK). All other chemicals were of analytical grade and purchased from standard suppliers.
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