Ssx 550

Pure aluminum powder and the mixed powder were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; SSX-550, Shimadzu Corporation, Kotyo, Japan) coupled by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). TEM (Transmission electron microscopy) was using to observe the graphene morphology. The tribological properties of the composites were measured using a MMW-1A configuration control universal wear testing machine (Jinan Yihua Friction Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, China) with a pin-on-disc apparatus, and friction pair and the disc are #45 steel and the mrGO-Cu/Al composites disk, respectively. The samples with size of 65 mm × 28 mm × 2.5 mm were polished with # 2000 sandpaper and treated by ultrasonic vibration in alcohol before wear test. The disc with hardness of HRC55 ~ 62, diameter of 30 mm and Ra = 3.2 μm was spun perpendicular to the sample surface, and the schematic diagram is shown in Figure 2. The friction and wear test was performed in an unlubricated condition under a load of 20 N with a rotation speed of 40 rpm. Friction coefficient is a function of friction time, which can be observed directly from the computer. The wear and friction coefficient experiment was carried out 3 times for each graphene content, and the results were averaged. After the test, the morphology of the worn surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and EDS.

The copper occurrence and alteration mechanism of copper-bearing biotite were studied by analyzing the chemical composition by XRF (ZSX100e), and measuring the phase composition through XRD (PW3040/60) to preliminarily determine the existence of biotite in the ore. The thin sections were examined and analyzed using polarizing microscopy (LEICA-DMLP) and SEM (SHIMADZU SSX-550) equipped with an EDS detector.

UV-VIS-NIR light sources (DH-2000-BAL, Balanced Deuterium Tungsten Source, 210–1700 nm, Ocean Optics. Inc., Dunedin, FL, USA), optical probes (Premium 600 um Refl. Probe, VIS/NIR), Spectrometers (Maya2000 Pro, Ocean Optics. Inc.), thin films (WS-1, diffuse reflectance standard, PTFE, Ocean Optics. Inc.), pulp refiner (KW-4A model, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), SEM (SSX-550, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), ion sputtering instrument (SBC-12, Kyky Technology Co. LTD., Beijing, China), Peristatic pump (Masterflex L/S, Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA), Flow cell and trestle table.

The surface morphology of the coating was observed via the SEM (SSX-550, SHIMADZU from Tsushima, Japan). The elements on the surface of coating were detected via the EDS (AZtecTEM, Oxford Instruments from Oxford, UK) surface scanning method, and the elements in the thickness direction of the coating section were detected via the EDS line scanning method. XRD (D8-FOCUS, BRUKER from Brook, Germany) using a Cu Kα radiation was used to detect the phase composition of the coating before and after corrosion. The grazing angle was 2°, the scanning range was 10~90°, and the scanning speed was 5°/min. The corrosion of the damaged coating was observed using a confocal microscope (KH-8700, HIROX from Shanghai, China). LEIS (AMETEK, VersaSCAN^TM, Princeton, NJ, USA)was used to test the three-dimensional micropore distribution and local electrochemical behavior with a test area of 2 × 2 mm².

The FTIR spectra of the LN-based adsorbents were recorded using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TENSOR 27, Bruker Co.) in the wavenumber range of 500–4000 cm⁻¹ with a resolution of 0.4 cm⁻¹. The surface microstructures of LNEs and LNECs were observed directly by an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) (SSX-550, Shimadzu Co.). The point of zero charge of pH (pHzpc) of the LN-based adsorbents was determined by acid-base titration using an automatic titration system^{57 (link)} (T50, Mettler Toledo). The contents of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of LNEs and LNECs were determined by Boehm titration method^{58 (link)} using NaOH, Na₂CO₃, and NaHCO₃ standard solutions for obtaining the contents of phenolic hydroxyl, lactone, and carboxyl groups on the LN-based adsorbents. The stability of LN, LNE2, and LNEC5 in water has been tested. Approximately 0.15 g of dried lignin-based material was dispersed in 900 mL of water at different pH conditions adjusted by using 0.1 mol/L HCl or 0.1 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions. The dissolved lignin in water was determined using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV2600A) at the wavelength of 280 nm.
The ESPs of five FQs (OFL, NOR, CIP, ENR, and FLE), two molecular probes (FLU and FPP), and two LN-based adsorbents (LNE and LENC) were theoretically optimized by DFT with Gaussian 09 program at b3lyp/6-31 g* level.