Thermal Module Fabrication and Design

The thermal modules adopted a trilayer structure consisting of a cooling gel, an STB, and a Joule heater on the fPCB (from top to bottom). A commercial cooling gel sheet (BeKOOOL, Kobayashi) cut using a CO₂ laser (Universal Laser Systems, ULS) defined rectangular elements with sizes of 12.7 × 12.7 mm². The bladders used thin films of metallized EVOH (EVALTM film; VM-XL, 12 μm thick, Kuraray) sealed at their perimeter edges using a thermal process. Before complete sealing, 30 μL 1-methoxyheptafluoropropane (C₃F₇OCH₃)-based engineered fluid (Novec 7000, 3M) with a low-boiling point (bp of 34 °C at 1 atm) was introduced using a 1-mL syringe. A medical-grade acrylate adhesive (1524, 3M, thickness of 60 μm) bonded the resulting STB to the bottom side of the heater (top side of the heater faces the skin). The cooling gel adhered to the bottom side of the STB (top side of the bladder faces the heater).

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Park M., Yoo J.Y., Yang T., Jung Y.H., Vázquez-Guardado A., Li S., Kim J.H., Shin J., Maeng W.Y., Lee G., Yoo S., Luan H., Kim J.T., Shin H.S., Flavin M.T., Yoon H.J., Miljkovic N., Huang Y., King W.P, & Rogers J.A. (2023). Skin-integrated systems for power efficient, programmable thermal sensations across large body areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(6), e2217828120.

Publication 2023

Acrylate Bladder Co2 laser Faces Perimeter Skin Syringe

Other organizations : Northwestern University, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Hanyang University, Neurological Surgery

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Size of rectangular cooling gel elements (12.7 × 12.7 mm^2)
Amount of 1-methoxyheptafluoropropane (C3F7OCH3)-based engineered fluid (Novec 7000, 3M) introduced (30 μL)

dependent variables

Thermal performance of the thermal modules

control variables

Cooling gel sheet material (BeKOOOL, Kobayashi)
Bladder material (metallized EVOH, EVALTM film; VM-XL, 12 μm thick, Kuraray)
Adhesive material (medical-grade acrylate adhesive, 1524, 3M, thickness of 60 μm)
Heater type (Joule heater)
Substrate (fPCB)

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