Liposomes
were synthesized using the thin film hydration followed by an extrusion
method. The lipid components (DOPC: DOTAP: DSPE-mal: NBD-PE: rhodamine-PE
= 74:20:4:1:1), containing the fusogenic lipid, were dissolved in
chloroform and then dried for 15 min at 60 °C using a rotary
evaporator under a constant vacuum. The resulting thin film was resuspended
in a PBS solution containing nicotinamide (NAM) until the lipid membrane
was fully hydrated. The NAM encapsulated liposome (LNP) was formed
by passing the mixture 11 times through a polycarbonate membrane with
100 nm pore sizes with a mini extruder (Avanti Polar Lipids, AL, USA).
To remove free drugs, the extruded solution was purified three times
by using the Amicon ultra-15 centrifugal filter unit (Merck, Darmstadt,
Germany).